urope and Latin America

Economic aid:
recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1990-94), $15 billion;
other countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1990-93), $120
billion

Currency: 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks

Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 3,550 (29 December 1994), 1,247 (27
December 1993); nominal exchange rate still deteriorating but real
exchange rate holding steady

Fiscal year: calendar year

@Russia:Transportation

Railroads:
total: 154,000 km; note - 87,000 km in common carrier service (49,000
km diesel; and 38,000 km electrified); 67,000 km serve specific
industries and are not available for common carrier use
broad gauge: 154,000 km 1.520-m gauge (1 January 1994)

Highways:
total: 934,000 km (445,000 km serve specific industries or farms and
are not available for common carrier use)
paved and graveled: 725,000 km
unpaved: 209,000 km (1 January 1994)

Inland waterways: total navigable routes in general use 101,000 km;
routes with navigation guides serving the Russian River Fleet 95,900
km; of which routes with night navigational aids 60,400 km; man-made
navigable routes 16,900 km (1 January 1994)

Pipelines: crude oil 48,000 km; petroleum products 15,000 km; natural
gas 140,000 km (30 June 1993)

Ports: Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Kaliningrad, Kazan', Khabarovsk,
Kholmsk, Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, Murmansk, Nakhodka, Nevel'sk,
Novorossiysk, Petropavlovsk, St. Petersburg, Rostov, Sochi, Tuapse,
Vladivostok, Volgograd, Vostochnyy, Vyborg

Merchant marine:
total: 800 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,295,109 GRT/10,128,579
DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 2, bulk cargo 26, cargo 424, chemical
tanker 7, combination bulk 22, combination ore/oil 16, container 81,
multifunction large-load carrier 3, oil tanker 111, passenger 4,
passenger-cargo 5, refrigerated cargo 19, roll-on/roll-off cargo 62,
short-sea passenger 16, specialized tanker 2
note: in addition, Russia owns 235 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
5,084,439 DWT that operate under Maltese, Cypriot, Liberian,
Panamanian, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Honduran, Marshall
Islands, Bahamian, and Vanuatu registry

Airports:
total: 2,517
with paved runways over 3,047 m: 54
with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 202
with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 108
with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 115
with paved runways under 914 m: 151
with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 25
with unpaved ru