of history, 123. The meaning of
progress, 125. Progress and the Quantitative basis of
preference, 127. The method of superimposition as a test
of progress, 127.

CONTENTS

II. THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL PRINCIPLES OF PROGRESS . . . . 130

The external principle: the pressure of an unfavorable
environment, 130. The external and the internal
principle, 131. The internally progressive type of society.
The importance of discussion, 132. Rationality the
internal principle of progress, 134. The positive
motive: constructive reform, 134. Disinterested reflection
and the man of affairs, 136. Success depends on moral
capacity, 137. The negative motive: revolution, 139.
Christianity as a social revolution, 140. The French
Revolution, 141. Dependence of progress on the
historical connectedness of human life, 143.

III. CONSERVATISM AND RADICALISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Conservatism values the existing order, 144. Progress
requires the maintenance and use of order, 145. The
real radical not the sceptic but the rationalist, 145.
The justification of the radical, 146.

IV. PROGRESS IN THE INSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT . . . . . . . 147

Institutions are permanent moral necessities, 147.
Government as the interest both of the weak and of the
strong, 148. The moral necessity of government, 150.
The variable and progressive factor in government,
151. The principle of rationality in government, 152.
The benefits and cost of government in the ancient
military monarchy, 152. Solidarity of interest in the
Greek and Roman oligarchies, 154. Advance in liberality
in Athenian institutions, 156. The development
of modern institutions, 157. The modern idea of
democracy, 158. Summary of the modern state. It is
territorial and impersonal, 160. The representative
method, 160. Emphasis on internal policy and
international peace, 162.

V. THE QUALITY OF CONTEMPORARY LIBERALISM . . . . . . . . . 163

Democracy based not on pity but on enlightenment,
163. The respect for the opinion of those most
interested, 164. The spirit of modern justice, 165.
Sensitiveness to life, 166. The allowance for growth, 167.
The individual and the crowd, 168. Hopefulness and
the bias of maturity, 169. The work done and the
work to do, 170.

CHAPTER V

THE MORAL CRITICISM OF FINE ART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

I. THE JUSTIFIC