ings, viz.,
the names of the objects or actions depicted, are often exceedingly rare
in the texts. Doctor Brugsch's great Dictionary (1867-82) frequently
settles with close accuracy the meanings of the words considered in it,
supplying by quotations the proof of his conclusions.*

* There has been in preparation since 1897 an exhaustive
dictionary, to be published under the auspices of the German
government. The academies of Berlin, Gottingen, Leipsig and
Munich have charge of the work, and they have nominated as
their respective commissioners Professors Erman, Pietsch-
mann, Steindorff, and Ebers (since deceased). This colossal
undertaking is the fitting culmination of the labours of a
century in the Egyptian language and writing. The collection
and arrangement of material are estimated to occupy eleven
years; printing may thus be begun about 1908.

Despite its uncritical method of compilation, Levy's bulky
Vocabulary (1887-1804), with its two supplements and long
tables of signs, is indispensable in this branch of
research, since it gives a multitude of references to rare
words and forms of words that occur in notable publications
of recent date, such as Maspero's excellent edition of the
Pyramid Texts. There are also some important special
indices, such as Stern's excellent "Glossary of the Papyrus
Ebers," Piehl's "Vocabulary of the Harris Papyrus," Erman's
"Glossary of the Westcar Papyrus," and Doctor Pudge's
"Vocabulary" of the XVIIIth Dynasty "Book of the Dead."
Schack's Index to the Pyramid Texts will prove to be an
important work, and the synoptic index of parallel chapters
prefixed to the work is of the greatest value in the search
for variant spellings.

In 1872, Brugsch, in his "Grammaire Hieroglyphique," published a useful
list of signs with their phonetic and ideographic values, accompanying
them with references to his Dictionary, and distinguishing some of the
specially early and late forms. We may also note the careful list in
Lepsius' "AEgyptische Lesestucke," 1883.

Champollion in his "Grammaire Egyptienne," issued after the author's
death in 1836, gave descriptive names to large numbers of the signs.
In 1848, to the first volume of Bunsen's "Egypt's Place in Universal
History," Birch contributed a long list of hieroglyphics, with
descriptions and statements of their separat