, the stigmata, etc. into two leaves.

This is chiefly remarkable because of the general tardiness of change in
the stamina, since it shows that the binary formation of the pistillum is
a primary effect: it may be asked, if the number should be 5, why has it
not reverted to its original or typical state? The calyx is not
reducible to 5. The permanency of the character of aggregate flowers is
here shown, as well as in Echinops, so that it is scarcely probable we
shall ever meet a compositious flower solitary in the axil of an ordinary
leaf.

To be examined hereafter in detail.

If wood is a descending formation, produced by leaves, how are woody
tendrils to be accounted for. In the vine the ancient tendrils are
perfectly woody, although this may not be true wood, yet it is truly
fibrous, and I ask, from what is it formed?

The growth of young shoots is at once a proof that the whole system may
be formed from ascending growth, for in many we find woody fibre
complete, though not indurated, and all the leaves from which wood is
said to be formed are only in a rudimentary state.

_October 2nd_.--Seh-Baba. Spiraea belloides, commonish on limestone
rocks in the ravine near the road which leads from Tazeen valley to
Khubur-i-Jubbur. This limestone is in thin strata; the strata are
subdivided by quartzose veins, they occur generally at a dip of from 15
to 20 degrees, but are occasionally quite vertical or highly wavy,
presenting evidence of concentrated force upwards. The outcrop wears an
uniform aspect, and occurs to the north of the ravine. The south here
and there presents sheets of rock, the overlying strata having slipped
off. The strike of the strata is north and south.

Coal is said by Hatchet to be formed chiefly from the resinous principles
of plants,--this would account for its appearance when burnt, which is
the same as that of burnt bitumen. But resinous principles are, even
when they exist, of partial extent only in plants. In good coal the
whole of the vegetable substance seems to be transformed, a supposition
barely compatible with Hatchet's idea.

To study this, extensive examination of coal in all degrees of formation
would be necessary, beginning with the wood so curiously changed by the
Brahmapootra, i.e. brown coal occurring in its sand banks, and which has
a very peculiar and disagreeable odour when burning. It would also be
necessary to examine how far the coal-plants exhibit vegetable st