ization Acts are partly of this character,
and other examples are the Colonial Naval Defence Act of 1865, and
certain provisions of the Army Act of 1881, and the Colonial Courts of
Admiralty Act of 1890.

[89] _E.g.,_ Colonial Attorneys Belief Act, 1857; Colonial Probates Act,
1892; parts of the Finance Act, 1894; and Wills Act, 1861.

[90] _E.g.,_ Colonial Laws made under sanction of the following Imperial
Acts: Colonial Prisoners Removal, 1869; Merchant Shipping, 1894;
Sections 478 and 736, Colonial Marriages, 1866.

[91] _E.g.,_ 18 Vict. Ch. 55, Sections 42 and 43.

[92] See Appendix, under the head of restrictions on "Irish Matters."
For convenience, land legislation is included in the list, though it
clearly belongs to a different category, and I have so dealt with it
above.

[93] In the Bill of 1886 (Clause 11, Subsec. 7) and in the Bill of 1893
(Clause 8, Subsec. 3) power was given to alter the qualifications of the
franchise, etc., for the Lower House--in the former Bill after the first
dissolution, in the latter after six years.

[94] In 1910, of the total Federal revenue of 675,511,715 dollars,
623,616,963 dollars were raised in this way, or twelve-thirteenths.
(Postal revenue, which balances Postal receipts, is excluded.)

[95] In 1909-10 Dominion revenue from Customs and Excise was 75,409,487
dollars. Total ordinary expenditure (excluding capital accounts),
79,411,747 dollars.

[96] Estimate for 1910-11. Total Federal revenue, L16,841,629; revenue
from Customs and Excise, L111,700,000. Total Federal expenditure
L11,122,297. L5,267,500 will be available for return to the State
exchequers (see pp. 245-246).

CHAPTER XI

UNION FINANCE

I ask the reader to follow with particular care the following historical
summary of Anglo-Irish finance. None of it is irrelevant, I venture to
say. It is not possible to construct a financial scheme, or to criticize
it when framed, without a fairly accurate knowledge of the historical
facts.

I.

BEFORE THE UNION.[97]

Before the Union Ireland had a fiscal system distinct from that of Great
Britain, a separate Exchequer, a separate Debt, a separate system of
taxation, a separate Budget. Yet she can never truly be said to have had
financial independence, because she was never a truly self-governing
country. Until 1779, when the Protestant Volunteers protested with arms
in their hands against the annihilation of Irish industries in the
interest of Bri