in her list of crimes 223 which were punishable by death!
And yet from the beginning of our existence down to a time within
the memory of babes England has distressed herself piteously over the
ungentleness of our Connecticut Blue Laws. Those Blue Laws should have
been spared English criticism for two reasons:

1. They were so insipidly mild, by contrast with the bloody and
atrocious laws of England of the same period, as to seem characterless
and colorless when one brings them into that awful presence.

2. The Blue Laws never had any existence. They were the fancy-work of an
English clergyman; they were never a part of any statute-book. And yet
they could have been made to serve a useful and merciful purpose; if
they had been injected into the English law the dilution would have
given to the whole a less lurid aspect; or, to figure the effect in
another way, they would have been coca mixed into vitriol.

I have drawn no laws and no illustrations from the twin civilizations
of hell and Russia. To have entered into that atmosphere would have
defeated my purpose, which was to show a great and genuine progress in
Christendom in these few later generations toward mercifulness--a wide
and general relaxing of the grip of the law. Russia had to be left
out because exile to Siberia remains, and in that single punishment is
gathered together and concentrated all the bitter inventions of all the
black ages for the infliction of suffering upon human beings. Exile for
life from one's hearthstone and one's idols--this is rack, thumb-screw,
the water-drop, fagot and stake, tearing asunder by horses, flaying
alive--all these in one; and not compact into hours, but drawn out
into years, each year a century, and the whole a mortal immortality of
torture and despair. While exile to Siberia remains one will be obliged
to admit that there is one country in Christendom where the punishments
of all the ages are still preserved and still inflicted, that there
is one country in Christendom where no advance has been made toward
modifying the medieval penalties for offenses against society and the
State.

APPENDIX T

A TRIBUTE TO HENRY H. ROGERS

(See Chapter cc and earlier)

April 25, 1902. I owe more to Henry Rogers than to any other man whom
I have known. He was born in Fairhaven, Connecticut, in 1839, and is
my junior by four years. He was graduated from the high school there
in 1853, when he was fourteen years old, and from t