i. schol. 17.

[48] _Eth._ iv. schol. 22.

[49] _Eth._ iii. 6, 7.

[50] _Eth._ iii. 9.

[51] _Eth._ iii. Def. Affect. 1.

[52] _Eth._ ii. 49.

[53] _Eth._ ii. 45.

[54] _Eth._ iv. 1.

[55] _Eth._ iv. schol. 45.

[56] _Eth._ iv. 67.

[57] _Epist._ 57.

[58] _Epist._ 21.

[59] _Eth._ v. 36.

CARTHAGE (Phoenician _Kart-hadshat_, "New City"; Gr. [Greek: Karchedon],
Lat. _Carthago_ or _Carchedon_), one of the most famous cities of
antiquity, on the north coast of Africa; it was founded about 822 B.C.
by the Phoenicians, destroyed for the first time by the Romans in 146
B.C., rebuilt by the Romans, and finally destroyed by the Arabs in A.D.
698. It was situated in the heart of the Sinus Uticensis (mod. Gulf of
Tunis), which is protected on the west by the promontory of Apollo (mod.
Ras Ali el Mekki), and on the east by the promontory of Mercury or Cape
Bon (mod. Ras Addar). Its position naturally formed a sort of bastion on
the inner curve of the bay between the Lake of Tunis on the south and
the marshy plain of Utica (Sukhara) on the north. Cape Gamart, the Arab
village of Sidi-bu-Said and the small harbour of Goletta (La Goulette,
Halk el Wad) form a triangle which represents the area of Carthage at
its greatest, including its extramural suburbs. Of this area the highest
point is Sidi-bu-Said, which stands on a lofty cliff about 490 ft. high.
On Cape Gamart (Kamart) was the chief cemetery; the citadel, Byrsa, was
on the hill on which to-day stand the convent of Les Peres Blancs (White
Fathers) and the cathedral of St Louis. The harbours lay about
three-fifths of a mile south of Byrsa, near the modern hospital of the
Khram, at Cartagenna. The tongue of land, which runs from the harbours
as far as Goletta, to the mouth of the Catadas which connects the Lake
of Tunis with the sea, was known as _taenia_ (ribbon, band) or _ligula_
(diminutive of _lingua_, tongue). The isthmus connecting the peninsula
of Carthage with the mainland was roughly estimated by Polybius as 25
stades (about 15,000 ft.); the peninsula itself, according to Strabo,
had a circumference of 360 stades (41 m.). The distance between Gamart
and Goletta is about 6 m.

From Byrsa, which is only 195 ft. above the sea, there is a fine view;
thence it is possible to see how Carthage was able at once to dominate
the sea and the gently undulating plains which stretch westward as far
as Tunis and the line of the river Ba