cter of the
[accent hairpin symbol] or } passage and of the composition)
[accent symbol] }

_rinforzando_ (_rinf_) } (reinforced; a definite increase in power
_rinforzato_ (_rfz_) } extending through a phrase or passage)

_crescendo_ (_cresc._ or [crescendo symbol]) (gradually becoming
louder)

_decrescendo_ (_decresc._ or }
[decrescendo symbol]) } (gradually becoming softer)
_diminuendo_ (_dim._ or }
[diminuendo symbol]) }

_crescendo poco a poco_ (becoming louder little by little)

_crescendo subito_ (becoming louder immediately)

_crescendo molto_ (becoming much louder)

_crescendo al fortissimo_ (becoming gradually louder until the
_fortissimo_ point has been reached)

_crescendo poi diminuendo_ } (gradually louder then
_crescendo e diminuendo_ } gradually softer)

_crescendo ed animando_ (gradually louder and faster)

_diminuendo al pianissimo_ (becoming gradually softer until the
_pianissimo_ point is reached)

_morendo_ }
_perdendosi_ } (gradually dying away, _i.e._, becoming slower
_smorzando_ } and softer by very small degrees)
_calando_ }

_con amore_ (with tenderness)

_con bravura_ (with boldness)

_con energia_ (with energy)

_con espressione_ }
_espressivo_ } (with expression)

_con brio_ (with brilliancy)

_con fuoco_ (with fire)

_con passione_ (with passion)

_con grazia_ (with grace)

_con tenerezza_ (with tenderness)

_dolce_ (gently) (literally, sweetly)

_giocoso_ (humorously) (_cf._ jocose)

_giojoso_ (joyfully) (_cf._ joyous)

_con maesta_ }
_maestoso_ } (majestically)

_pastorale_ (in pastoral, _i.e._, in simple and unaffected style)

_pomposo_ (pompously)

_scherzando_ }
_scherzo_ } (jokingly)

_sotto voce_ (with subdued voice)

We shall close our discussion of the subject of dynamics with a brief
presentation of a few practical matters with which every amateur
conductor should be familiar.

The _pianissimo_ of choruses and orchestras is seldom soft enough. The
extreme limit of soft tone is very effective in both choral and
orchestral music, and most conductors seem to have no adequate notion
of _how soft_ the tone may be made in such passages. This is
especially true of choru