ron, they brought their jewelry and made the calf out
of it. This was celebrated by a sacred festival, and it was only through
the intervention of Moses that the people were saved from the wrath of
Yahweh (cp. Deut. ix. 19 sqq.). Nevertheless 3000 of them fell at the hands
of the Levites who, in answer to the summons of Moses, declared themselves
on the side of Yahweh. The origin of this particular form of worship can
scarcely be sought in Egypt; the Apis which was worshipped there was a live
bull, and image-worship was common among the Canaanites in connexion with
the cult of Baal and Astarte (_qq.v._). In early Israel it was considered
natural to worship Yahweh by means of images (cp. the story of Gideon,
Judg. viii. 24 sqq.), and even to Moses himself was attributed the
bronze-serpent whose cult at Jerusalem was destroyed in the time of
Hezekiah (2 Kings xviii. 4, Num. xxi. 4-9). The condemnation which later
writers, particularly those imbued with the spirit of the Deuteronomic
reformation, pass upon all image-worship, is in harmony with the judgment
upon Jeroboam for his innovations at Bethel and Dan (1 Kings xii. 28 sqq.,
xvi. 26, &c.). But neither Elijah nor Elisha raised a voice against the
cult; then, as later, in the time of Amos, it was nominally Yahweh-worship,
and Hosea is the first to regard it as the fundamental cause of Israel's
misery.

See further, W.R. Smith, _Prophets of Israel_, pp. 175 sqq.; Kennedy,
Hastings' _Dict. Bib._ i. 342; and HEBREW RELIGION.

(S. A. C.)

CALGARY, the oldest city in the province of Alberta. Pop. (1901) 4091;
(1907) 21,112. It is situated in 114 deg. 15' W., and 51 deg. 41/2' N., on the Bow
river, which flows with its crystal waters from the pass in the Rocky
Mountains, by which the main line of the Canadian Pacific railway crosses
the Rocky Mountains. The pass proper--Kananaskis--penetrates the mountains
beginning 40 m. west of Calgary, and the well-known watering-place, Banff,
lies 81 m. west of it, in the Canadian national park. The streets are wide
and laid out on a rectangular system. The buildings are largely of stone,
the building stone used being the brown Laramie sandstone found in the
valley of the Bow river in the neighbourhood of the city. Calgary is an
important point on the Canadian Pacific railway, which has a general
superintendent resident here. It is an important centre of wholesale
dealers, and also of industrial establishments. Calgary is near the site o