w disused.

Le at the end of words is pronounced like a weak el, in which the e is
almost mute, as table, shuttle.

M.

M has always the same sound, as murmur, monumental.

N.

N has always, the same sound, as noble, manners.

N is sometimes mute after m, as damn, condemn, hymn.

P.

P has always the same sound which the Welsh and Germans confound with b.

P is sometimes mute, as in psalm, and between m and t, as tempt.

Ph is used for f in words derived from the Greek, as philosopher,
philanthropy, Philip.

Q.

Q, as in other languages, is always followed by u, and has a sound which
our Saxon ancestors well expressed by cw, as quadrant, queen, equestrian,
quilt, inquiry, quire, quotidian. Qu is never followed by u.

Qu is sometimes sounded, in words derived from the French, like k, as
conquer, liquor, risque, chequer.

R.

R has the same rough snarling sound as in the other tongues.

The Saxons used often to put h before it, as before l at the beginning
of words.

Rh is used in words derived from the Greek, as myrrh, myrrhine,
catarrhous, rheum, rheumatick, rhyme.

Re, at the end of some words derived from the Latin or French, is
pronounced like a weak er, as theatre, sepulchre.

S.

S has a hissing sound, as sibilation, sister.

A single s seldom ends any word, except in the third person of verbs,
as loves, grows; and the plurals of nouns, as trees, bushes,
distresses; the pronouns this, his, ours, yours, us; the adverb thus;
and words derived from Latin, as rebus, surplus; the close being always
either in se, as house, horse, or in ss, as grass, dress, bliss, less,
anciently grasse, dresse.

S, single at the end of words, has a grosser sound, like that of z, as
trees, eyes, except this, thus, us, rebus, surplus.

It sounds like z before ion, if a vowel goes before it, as intrusion; and
like s, if it follows a consonant, as conversion.

It sounds like z before e mute, as refuse, and before y final, as rosy; and
in those words, bosom, desire, wisdom, prison, prisoner, present, present,
damsel, casement.

It is the peculiar quality of s, that it may be sounded before all
consonants, except x and z, in which s is comprised, x being only ks,
and z a hard or gross s. This s is therefore termed by grammarians suae
potestatis litera; the reason of which the learned Dr. Clarke
erroneously supposed to be, that in some words it might b