efective in real weight and value. The juries were badly constituted:
they had too much to do of an illusory and useless description, and they
had too little to do that was solid and instructive. Special mentions,
diplomas, half a dozen grades of medals and other honors, formed a
programme too large and complicated to be discriminatingly carried out.
So it happened that to exhibit and to get a distinction of some kind
came, at Vienna, to be almost convertible expressions; and who excelled
in the competition in any of the classes, or who had contributed anything
substantial to the stock of human knowledge or well-being, remained quite
undetermined. What instruction the display could impart was confined to
spectators who studied its specialties for themselves and used their
deductions for their individual advantage, and to those who read the
sufficiently general and cursory reports made to their several
governments by the national commissions. The official awards and reports
of the exposition authorities amounted to little or nothing.

[Illustration: THE CORLISS ENGINE, FURNISHING MOTIVE-POWER FOR MACHINERY
HALL.]

A sharp departure from this practice was decided on at the Centennial.
Two hundred judges, of undoubted character and intelligence and entire
familiarity with the departments assigned to them, were chosen--half by
the foreign bureaus and half by the U.S. Commission. These were made
officers of the exposition itself, and thus separated from external
influences. They were given a reasonable and fixed compensation of one
thousand dollars each for their time and personal expenses. An equal
division of the number of judges between the domestic and foreign sides
gives the latter an excess, measured by the comparative extent of the
display from the two sources. But this is favorable to us, as we shall
be the better for an outside judgment on the merits of both our own and
foreign exhibits. Were it otherwise, the excess of private observers
from this country would counterbalance our deficit in judges. The
foreign jurors have to see for the millions they represent. Our own will
have vast numbers of their constituents on the ground.

Written reports are drawn up by these selected examiners and signed by
the authors. The reports must be "based upon inherent and comparative
merit. The elements of merit shall be held to include considerations
relating to originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill,
workmans