the
whole amount I had received as pay whilst in command of the Chilian
squadron."

CHAPTER X.

THE ANTECEDENTS OF BRAZILIAN INDEPENDENCE.--PEDRO I.'s ACCESSION.--THE
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL TROUBLES OF THE NEW EMPIRE.--LORD COCHRANE'S
INVITATION TO BRAZIL.--HIS ARRIVAL AT RIO DE JANEIRO, AND ACCEPTANCE
OF BRAZILIAN SERVICE.--HIS FIRST MISFORTUNES.--THE BAD CONDITION OF
HIS SQUADRON, AND THE CONSEQUENT FAILURE OF HIS FIRST ATTACK ON THE
PORTUGUESE OFF BAHIA.--HIS PLANS FOR IMPROVING THE FLEET, AND THEIR
SUCCESS.--HIS NIGHT VISIT TO BAHIA, AND THE CONSEQUENT FLIGHT OF THE
ENEMY.--LORD COCHRANE'S PURSUIT OF THEM.--HIS VISIT TO MARANHAM,
AND ANNEXATION OF THAT PROVINCE AND OF PARA.--HIS RETURN TO RIO DE
JANEIRO.--THE HONOURS CONFERRED UPON HIM.

[1823.]

In 1808, King John VI. of Portugal, driven by Buonaparte from his
European dominions, took refuge in his great colonial possession of
Brazil, and the result of his emigration was considerable enlargement
of the liberties of the Brazilians. Thereby the immense Portuguese
colony in South America was prevented from following in the
revolutionary steps of the numerous Spanish provinces adjoining it.
In Brazil, however, during the ensuing years party faction produced
nearly as much turmoil as attended the struggle for independence in
Chili and the other Spanish, colonies. Those Brazilians who were
still intimately connected with the inhabitants of the mother country
rallied under Portuguese leaders, and did their utmost to maintain
the Portuguese supremacy over the colony. Quite as many, on the other
hand, were eager to take advantage of the new state of things as a
means of consolidating the freedom of Brazil. Plots and counterplots,
broils and insurrections, lasted, almost without intermission, until
1821, when King John returned to Portugal, leaving his son, Don Pedro,
as lieutenant and regent, to cope with yet greater difficulties. The
Cortes of Portugal, able to get back their king, desired also to bring
back Brazil to all its former servitude. So great was the opposition
thus provoked that the native or true Brazilian party induced Don
Pedro to throw off allegiance to his father. In October, 1822, the
independence of the colony was publicly declared, and on the 1st of
December Don Pedro assumed the title of Emperor of Brazil.

Only the southern part of Brazil, however, acknowledged his authority.
The northern provinces, including Bahia, Maranham, and Para, we