have largely added to their railway mileage. Austria is
actively engaged in carrying new lines across the plains of Hungary,
which Turkey is preparing to meet by lines carried up the valley of the
Lower Danube. Russia is also occupied with extensive schemes for
connecting Petersburg and Moscow with her ports in the Black Sea on the
one hand, and with the frontier towns of her Asiatic empire on the other.

Italy is employing her new-born liberty in vigorously extending railways
throughout her dominions. A direct line of communication has already
been opened between France and Italy, through the Mont Cenis Tunnel;
while another has been opened between Germany and Italy through the
Brenner Pass,--so that the entire journey may now be made by two
different railway routes (excepting only the short sea-passage across the
English Channel) from London to Brindisi, situated in the south-eastern
extremity of the Italian peninsula.

During the last sixteen years, nearly the whole of the Indian railways
have been made. When Edmund Burke, in 1783, arraigned the British
Government for their neglect of India in his speech on Mr. Fox's Bill, he
said: "England has built no bridges, made no high roads, cut no
navigations, dug out no reservoirs. . . . Were we to be driven out of
India this day, nothing would remain to tell that it had been possessed,
during the inglorious period of our dominion, by anything better than the
ourang-outang or the tiger."

But that reproach no longer exists. Some of the greatest bridges erected
in modern times--such as those over the Sone near Patna, and over the
Jumna at Allahabad--have been erected in connection with the Indian
railways. More than 5000 miles are now at work, and they have been
constructed at an expenditure of about 88,000,000 pounds of British
capital, guaranteed by the British Government. The Indian railways
connect the capitals of the three Presidencies--uniting Bombay with
Madras on the south, and with Calcutta on the north-east--while a great
main line, 2200 miles in extent, passing through the north-western
provinces, and connecting Calcutta with Lucknow, Delhi, Lahore, Moultan,
and Kurrachee, unites the mouths of the Hooghly in the Bay of Bengal with
those of the Indus in the Arabian Sea.

When the first edition of this work appeared, in the beginning of 1857,
the Canadian system of railways was but in its infancy. The Grand Trunk
was only begun, and the Victoria Bridge--t