d notify the enemy of the
movement.

5. In _covering an attack_, our guns should keep up their fire till the
moment it would begin to endanger our advancing columns.

6. By a _ricochet_ fire, artillery is said to increase its effect, from
one-fourth to one-half. It is especially effective in enfilading a line
of troops, a battery, or the face of a work taken in flank.

Ricochet shots have also great moral effect.

7. When used against _breastworks of rails or logs of wood_, guns should
be fired with moderate or shattering charges; so as more surely to
demolish them, and, at the same time, to increase the destructive effect
of the fire by scattering the splinters.

In view of the frequent necessity of battering such defences, and of
using a ricochet fire, which also requires small charges of powder, it
would be an improvement in our artillery service to make a certain
proportion of the ammunition in each gun limber to consist of cartridges
of half the usual size.

8. In _bombarding a village_ during a battle, if our object be to set
fire to and destroy it, this will be best accomplished with shells. If
we wish merely to drive the enemy from it, solid shot from heavy
calibres will be necessary, which will more surely reach and destroy his
troops, wherever they may show themselves.

9. The _moral effect_, both of solid shot and of shells, is much greater
than that of grape or other case-shot, from their more fearful effects
on the human frame, and from the great number of men that a single ball
or shell will kill or fatally wound. One twelve-pound solid shot has
been known to kill forty-two men, who happened to be exactly in its
range.

10. _Ball and shell_ should be used--

(1.) When the enemy is at a distance.
(2.) When he is in mass.
(3.) When he is in several lines.
(4.) When his line may be enfiladed.

11. In _silencing a battery_, our fire should be concentrated on one
piece at a time, while some of our guns throw spherical case, from a
raking position, if possible, on the gunners.

12. Though grape has a much less range than ball, yet _within four
hundred yards_, on account of its scattering, its effect is superior to
it.

The fire of guns double shotted with ball and a stand of grape, is
fearfully destructive when used at a short distance to repel a charge.

13. It is artillerymen's point of honor _not to abandon their pieces
till the last extremity_. They should always remember that when the
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