cess. Word sequence as a method. Compounding of
radical elements. Affixing: prefixes and suffixes; infixes. Internal
vocalic change; consonantal change. Reduplication. Functional
variations of stress; of pitch.

V. FORM IN LANGUAGE: GRAMMATICAL CONCEPTS

Analysis of a typical English sentence. Types of concepts
illustrated by it. Inconsistent expression of analogous concepts.
How the same sentence may be expressed in other languages with
striking differences in the selection and grouping of concepts.
Essential and non-essential concepts. The mixing of essential
relational concepts with secondary ones of more concrete order. Form
for form's sake. Classification of linguistic concepts: basic or
concrete, derivational, concrete relational, pure relational.
Tendency for these types of concepts to flow into each other.
Categories expressed in various grammatical systems. Order and
stress as relating principles in the sentence. Concord. Parts of
speech: no absolute classification possible; noun and verb.

VI. TYPES OF LINGUISTIC STRUCTURE

The possibility of classifying languages. Difficulties.
Classification into form-languages and formless languages not valid.
Classification according to formal processes used not practicable.
Classification according to degree of synthesis. "Inflective" and
"agglutinative." Fusion and symbolism as linguistic techniques.
Agglutination. "Inflective" a confused term. Threefold
classification suggested: what types of concepts are expressed? what
is the prevailing technique? what is the degree of synthesis? Four
fundamental conceptual types. Examples tabulated. Historical test of
the validity of the suggested conceptual classification.

VII. LANGUAGE AS A HISTORICAL PRODUCT: DRIFT

Variability of language. Individual and dialectic variations. Time
variation or "drift." How dialects arise. Linguistic stocks.
Direction or "slope" of linguistic drift. Tendencies illustrated in
an English sentence. Hesitations of usage as symptomatic of the
direction of drift. Leveling tendencies in English. Weakening of
case elements. Tendency to fixed position in the sentence. Drift
toward the invariable word.

VIII. LANGUAGE AS A HISTORICAL PRODUCT: PHONETIC LAW

Parallels in drift in related languages. Phonetic law as illustrated
in the history of certain Englis