ettled in the central and southern states, and a large percentage of
the North Europeans and Americans temporarily resident in Brazil. The
Positivists are few in number, but their congregations are made up of
educated and influential people.

_Art, Science and Literature._--The Brazilian people have the natural
taste for art, music and literature so common among the Latin nations of
the Old World. The emperor Dom Pedro II. did much to encourage these
pursuits, and many promising young men received their education in
Europe at his personal expense. Still earlier in the century (1815) the
regent Dom John VI. brought out a number of French artists to educate
his subjects in the fine arts, and the _Escola Real de Sciencias, Artes
e Officios_ was founded in the following year. From this beginning
resulted the _Academia de Bellas Artes_ of a later date, to which was
added a conservatory of music in 1841. The institution is now called the
_Escola Nacional de Bellas Artes_. Free instruction in the fine arts has
been given in this school. The higher results of artistic training,
however, are less marked than a widespread dilettantism. The Brazilian
composer Carlos Gomes (1839-1896) is the best known of those who have
adopted music as a profession, his opera _Il Guarani_ having been
produced at most of the European capitals. The most prominent among
Brazilian painters is Pedro Americo, and in sculpture Rodolpho
Bernardelli has done good work. In science Brazil has accomplished very
little, although many eminent foreign naturalists have spent years of
study within her borders. Joao Barbosa Rodrigues has done some good work
in botany, especially in the study of the palms of the Amazon, and Joao
Baptista de Lacerda has made important biological investigations at the
national museum of Rio de Janeiro. There are several scientific
societies and institutions in the country, but they rarely undertake
original work. The most active are the geographical societies, but very
little has been done in the direction of scientific exploration. Some
interesting results have been obtained from the boundary surveys, from
Dr E. Cruls's exploration of a section of the Goyaz plateau in 1892 in
search of a site for the future capital of the republic, and from some
of the river and railway surveys. In 1875 a geological commission was
organized under the direction of Professor Charles Frederick Hartt, but
it was disbanded two years later. In 1906 Congress