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chens that the petals of a leafless parasitic plant would bear to the foliage of one of normal character--that is to say, they are, as it were, the coloured organs of reproduction of parasitic plants of a type closely approaching that of lichens, which, of course, is in very close, if not in absolute agreement with the conclusions drawn by botanists from entirely different data." [J] Schwendener, "Untersuchungen ueber den Flechtenthallus." [K] Crombie (J. M.) "On the Lichen-Gonidia Question," in "Popular Science Review" for July, 1874. [L] Bornet, (E.), "Recherches sur les Gonidies des Lichens," in "Ann. des Sci. Nat." 1873, 5 ser. vol. xvii. [M] Nylander, "On the Algo-Lichen Hypothesis," &c., in "Grevillea," vol. ii. (1874), No. 22, p. 146. [N] In Regensburg "Flora," 1870, p. 92. [O] Rev. J. M. Crombie, in "Popular Science Review," July, 1874. [P] Berkeley's "Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany," p. 373, fig. 78_a._ [Q] Berkeley's "Introduction," p. 341, fig. 76. [R] "Annals and Magazine of Natural History," April, 1849. [S] In "Gardener's Chronicle" for 1873, p. 1341. [T] "Grevillea," vol ii. p. 147, in note. [U] W. Archer, in "Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci." vol. xiii. p. 217; vol. xiv. p. 115. Translation of Schwendener's "Nature of the Gonidia of Lichens," in same journal, vol. xiii. p. 235. II. STRUCTURE. Without some knowledge of the structure of fungi, it is scarcely possible to comprehend the principles of classification, or to appreciate the curious phenomena of polymorphism. Yet there is so great a variety in the structure of the different groups, that this subject cannot be compressed within a few paragraphs, neither do we think that this would be desired if practicable, seeing that the anatomy and physiology of plants is, in itself, sufficiently important and interesting to warrant a rather extended and explicit survey. In order to impart as much practical utility as possible to this chapter, it seems advisable to treat some of the most important and typical orders and suborders separately, giving prominence to the features which are chiefly characteristic of those sections, following the order of systematists as much as possible, whilst endeavouring to render each section independent to a considerable extent, and complete in itself. Some groups naturally
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