they burst, and,
rupturing at the apex, in one genus in a stellate manner, so that the
teeth, becoming reflexed, resemble delicate fringed cups, with the
orange, golden, brown, or whitish spores or pseudospores nestling in the
interior.[J] These pseudospores are at first produced in chains, but
ultimately separate. In many cases these cups are either accompanied or
preceded by spermogonia. In two other orders there is no peridium. In the
_Caeomacei_, the pseudospores are more or less globose or ovate, sometimes
laterally compressed and simple; and in _Pucciniaei_, they are elongated,
often subfusiform and septate. In both, the pseudospores are produced
in tufts or clusters _direct from the mycelium. The Caeomacei_ might
again be subdivided into _Ustilagines_[K] and _Uredines_.[L] In the
former, the pseudospores are mostly dingy brown or blackish, and in the
latter more brightly coloured, often yellowish. The _Ustilagines_
include the smuts and bunt of corn-plants, the _Uredines_ include the
red rusts of wheat and grasses. In some of the species included in the
latter, two forms of fruit are found. In _Melampsora_, the summer
pseudospores are yellow, globose, and were formerly classed as a species
of _Lecythea_, whilst the winter pseudospores are brownish, elongated,
wedge-shaped by compression, and compact. The _Pucciniaei_[M] differ
primarily in the septate pseudospores, which in one genus (_Puccinia_) are
uniseptate; in _Triphragmium_, they are biseptate; in _Phragmidium_,
multiseptate; and in _Xenodochus_, moniliform, breaking up into
distinct articulations. It is probable that, in all of these, as is
known to be the case in most, the septate pseudospores are preceded or
accompanied by simple pseudospores, to which they are mysteriously
related. There is still another, somewhat singular, group usually
associated with the _Pucciniaei_, in which the septate pseudospores are
immersed in gelatin, so that in many features the species seem to
approach the _Tremellini_. This group includes two or three genera, the
type of which will be found in _Podisoma_.[N] These fungi are parasitic on
living junipers in Britain and North America, appearing year after year
upon the same gouty swellings of the branches, in clavate or horn-shaped
gelatinous processes of a yellowish or orange colour. Anomalous as it
may at first sight appear to include these tremelloid forms with the
dust-like fungi, their relations will on closer examination