ores. 152
93. Zygospores of _Mucor phycomyces_. 158
94. Sporidium of _Ascobolus_ germinating. 161
95. Zygospore of _Mucor_. 164
96. Zygospore of _Rhizopus_ in different stages. 166
97. Conjugation in _Achlya racemosa_. 169
98. Conjugation in _Peronospora._ 171
99. Antheridia and oogonium of _Peronospora_. 172
100. Conjugation in _Peziza omphalodes_. 176
100a. Formation of conceptacle in _Erysiphe_. 176
101. _Tilletia caries_ with conjugating cells. 178
102. _Aspergillus glaucus_ and _Eurotium_. 190
103. _Erysiphe cichoracearum_, receptacle and mycelium. 192
104. Twig with _Tubercularia_ and _Nectria_. 193
105. Section of _Tubercularia_ with conidia. 193
106. D. _Nectria_ with _Tubercularia_, ascus and paraphyses. 195
107. Cells and pseudospores of _AEcidium berberidis_. 201
108. Cells and pseudospores of _AEcidium graveolens_. 201
109. _Torrubia militaris_ on pupa of a moth. 243

FUNGI

THEIR NATURE, USES, INFLUENCES, ETC.

I.

NATURE OF FUNGI.

The most casual observer of Nature recognizes in almost every instance
that comes under his notice in every-day life, without the aid of
logical definition, the broad distinctions between an animal, a plant,
and a stone. To him, the old definition that an animal is possessed of
life and locomotion, a plant of life without locomotion, and a mineral
deficient in both, seems to be sufficient, until some day he travels
beyond the circuit of diurnal routine, and encounters a sponge or a
zoophyte, which possesses only one of his supposed attributes of
animal life, but which he is assured is nevertheless a member of the
animal kingdom. Such an encounter usually perplexes the neophyte at
first, but rather than confess his generalizations to have been too
gross, he will tenaciously contend that the sponge must be a plant,
until the evidence produced is so strong that he is compelled to
desert his position, and seek refuge in the declaration that one
kingdom runs into the other so imperceptibly that no line of
demarcation can be drawn between them. Between these two extrem