f our own time. It
seems strange to us that at that time the reindeer and the mammoth
should have lived in the same country; because the reindeer of our time
lives in a cold country, and the elephant, which is like the mammoth,
lives in a hot country. But before the time of the cave men, it was
warm in England and France, and the mammoth went to live there then.
Afterwards, it became colder; but the mammoth liked it there, so he
grew himself a coat of thick woolly hair to keep out the cold and
stayed, while the reindeer lived there only in winter and went
northward in summer.

[Illustration: Drawing of a mammoth, on a piece of mammoth tusk; found
in a cave in France]

We know that the mammoth had this heavy coat of wool because, in the
cold country of Siberia, some time since, there was a mammoth thawed
out of the ice; and also because the cave men have left a drawing that
pictures the long hair. It was about a hundred years ago, when a
fisherman on the frozen Lena River saw an iceberg of odd shape. Two
years later, he saw the tusks of a mammoth standing out from it. And
five years after that, all the ice had melted from around it, and the
big body of the mammoth lay upon the sand. There was a flowing mane on
the neck, and the body was covered with reddish wool and long black
hair. The people about the country there cut up the flesh as food for
their dogs, and the bones and tusks were sent to the museum in St.
Petersburg.

Thousands of teeth and tusks of mammoths have been brought up by the
nets of fishermen in the North Sea, that washes England. And whole
islands along that coast are made up of nothing but ice and sand and
the teeth and tusks of mammoths. During every storm, pieces of this
old ivory are washed loose and cast ashore; and the fishermen sell them.

It is thought that what is now the North Sea was, at the time the
elephants lived there, a swamp in which the animals went to drink and
bathe, and in which, at times, they became mired; and that this is why
so many of their bones are found along that coast.

Mammoths were very like big elephants, with tusks that turned up.
There are none on earth now. Neither are there any cave tigers. And
the two-horned rhinoceros has gone, and the great snowy owl.

Caverns and rock shelters in which men of the Stone Age lived have been
found in many places in our own country and in other lands. But caves
are few, even in limestone countries; and these early