Paradise of Childhood. _Edward Wiebe_. Pages 39-45.
Kindergarten Guide. _J. and B. Ronge_. 33-36.
Kindergarten Guide. _Kraus-Boelte_. 239-373.
The Kindergarten Principle. _Mary J. Lyschinska_. 103-20.
Law of Childhood. _W. N. Hailmann_. 39.
Kindergarten Culture. _W. N. Hailmann_. 70-72.
The Kindergarten. _H. Goldammer_. 154-72.
Primary Helps. _W. N. Hailmann_.
Industrial Art in Schools.[74] _Charles G. Leland_.
Drawing and Decorative Design. _Charles G. Leland_.
Art and the Formation of Taste. _Walter Crane_.
Manual of Design. _Richard Redgrave, R. A._
Principles of Decorative Design. _Christopher Dresser_.
Art and Ornament in Dress. Introduction. _Charles Blanc_.

[74] Circulars of Information of the Bureau of Education,
No. 4, 1882.

FROEBEL'S NINTH GIFT

THE RING OR CURVED LINE

"Art developed in the same way. The Egyptian temples show us
only straight-lined figures, which consequently show
mathematical relations. Only in later times appeared the
lines of beauty, that is, the arched or circular lines. I
carry the child on in the same way."
FRIEDRICH FROEBEL.

"The curve bears with it in its unity and variety, its rich
symbolism to everything which lives and moves, the most
intimate relation to that which the child sees, feels, and
loves." EMMA MARWEDEL.

"It might be said that to produce useful objects is the
result of the struggle for life; but the tendency to create
that which is simply artistic results from no such urgent
need, yet it is found wherever the former exists."
CHARLES G. LELAND.

"Thou canst not wave thy staff in air,
Or dip thy paddle in the lake,
But it carves the bow of beauty there,
And the ripples in rhymes the oar forsake."
EMERSON.

1. The rings of the ninth gift are made of silvered wire, either
soldered or unsoldered, and are whole circles three inches, two
inches, and one inch in diameter, with their respective halves and
quarters.

2. As the first six gifts emphasized solids and divided solids, the
seventh, the plane, and the eighth, the straight line, so the ninth,
the ring, embodies the curve, and illustrates the circumference of th