obe as
a cotton-wool holder, and a palate retractor should be in readiness.
Good illumination is important, and may be obtained from an electric
light, or from a Welsbach or Argand burner. The light should be placed
close to, and on a level with, the patient's left ear. Both the
anterior and posterior nares should be examined.

_Anterior Rhinoscopy._--Before the introduction of the speculum the
tip of the nose should be tilted up and the interior of the vestibule
and the anterior part of the septum examined. In this way the
existence of eczema or small furuncules, the presence of dilated or
bleeding vessels upon, or a perforation of, the anterior part of the
septum may be noted, and the general appearances observed. After
inserting the speculum into the vestibule and dilating it, the
following parts should be sought for and examined:--Close to the
floor, and attached to the outer wall of the nasal cavity, is the
anterior end of the inferior concha or turbinated body (Fig. 267),
which overhangs the inferior meatus. It presents a pink appearance,
and its size varies in different persons. At a higher level and on a
posterior plane is the anterior end of the middle concha or turbinated
body, which is of a paler colour than the inferior, and is only
visible when the head is tilted backwards. Between it and the inferior
turbinated body is the middle meatus, with which communicate the
openings of the maxillary sinus, the frontal sinus, and the anterior
ethmoidal cells. A considerable area of the anterior part of the nasal
septum is also visible by anterior rhinoscopy, and between it and the
middle turbinal is a narrow chink--the olfactory sulcus.

[Illustration: FIG. 267.--The outer wall of Left Nasal Chamber, after
removal of the middle turbinated body. (After Logan Turner.)]

_Posterior Rhinoscopy._--Examination of the posterior nares and
naso-pharynx is frequently attended with difficulty. The patient is
directed to breathe through the nose, the tongue is depressed with a
spatula, and a small-sized laryngeal mirror, comfortably warmed and
with its reflecting surface turned upwards, is introduced behind the
soft palate. When a good examination of the naso-pharynx is obtained,
the following parts may be seen reflected in the mirror: the posterior
surface of the uvula and soft palate, and above them, in the mesial
plane, the posterior free edge of the septum nasi; on each side of the
septum the apertures of the posterior na