urious observation of the pastoral life of the Scythians, [4]
or Tartars, [5] will illustrate the latent cause of these destructive
emigrations.

[Footnote 1: Such is the bad taste of Ammianus, (xxvi. 10,) that it is
not easy to distinguish his facts from his metaphors. Yet he positively
affirms, that he saw the rotten carcass of a ship, ad Modon, in
Peloponnesus.]

[Footnote 2: The earthquakes and inundations are variously described by
Libanius, (Orat. de ulciscenda Juliani nece, c. x., in Fabricius, Bibl.
Graec. tom. vii. p. 158, with a learned note of Olearius,) Zosimus, (l.
iv. p. 221,) Sozomen, (l. vi. c. 2,) Cedrenus, (p. 310, 314,) and Jerom,
(in Chron. p. 186, and tom. i. p. 250, in Vit. Hilarion.) Epidaurus must
have been overwhelmed, had not the prudent citizens placed St. Hilarion,
an Egyptian monk, on the beach. He made the sign of the Cross; the
mountain-wave stopped, bowed, and returned.]

[Footnote 3: Dicaearchus, the Peripatetic, composed a formal treatise,
to prove this obvious truth; which is not the most honorable to the
human species. (Cicero, de Officiis, ii. 5.)]

[Footnote 4: The original Scythians of Herodotus (l. iv. c. 47--57,
99--101) were confined, by the Danube and the Palus Maeotis, within
a square of 4000 stadia, (400 Roman miles.) See D'Anville (Mem. de
l'Academie, tom. xxxv. p. 573--591.) Diodorus Siculus (tom. i. l. ii.
p. 155, edit. Wesseling) has marked the gradual progress of the name and
nation.]

[Footnote 5: The Tatars, or Tartars, were a primitive tribe, the rivals,
and at length the subjects, of the Moguls. In the victorious armies of
Zingis Khan, and his successors, the Tartars formed the vanguard; and
the name, which first reached the ears of foreigners, was applied to the
whole nation, (Freret, in the Hist. de l'Academie, tom. xviii. p. 60.)
In speaking of all, or any of the northern shepherds of Europe, or Asia,
I indifferently use the appellations of Scythians or Tartars. * Note:
The Moguls, (Mongols,) according to M. Klaproth, are a tribe of the
Tartar nation. Tableaux Hist. de l'Asie, p. 154.--M.]

The different characters that mark the civilized nations of the globe,
may be ascribed to the use, and the abuse, of reason; which so variously
shapes, and so artificially composes, the manners and opinions of a
European, or a Chinese. But the operation of instinct is more sure and
simple than that of reason: it is much easier to ascertain the appetites
of a quadruped th