ward, and releasing
the damper from its contact with the string. The damper is held
against the string by the wire spring which is seen running from the
damper flange to the top of the damper lever.

_DR_, damper rod. This is a rod running from the left or bass end of
the action to the right as far as the dampers are continued in the
treble. It is acted upon by the "loud" or damper pedal, which raises
the outer projection, and by being hinged to the main rail about the
same height as this projection, the entire rod is thrown outward
against the lower ends of the damper levers, releasing all the dampers
simultaneously. This being the only office of the right pedal, it is
readily seen that this pedal does not increase the loudness, but
simply _sustains_ any number of tones struck successively, giving the
effect of more volume.

The student should familiarize himself with all technical terms used
in this lesson, as they will be referred to frequently in the
succeeding lessons on repairing and regulating.

QUESTIONS ON LESSON III.

Without reference to anything but the cut, give technical names for
parts of action represented by the following letters or abbreviations:

1. Bnc R, c, G P, BP, Ky, L.

2. Bm, Cpn, E, W, j, js, g, and M R.

3. Rr, B C, B R, B C W, Bl, and Bl W.

4. Bt, H, H S, H R, and sr.

5. S, D, D L, D R, s, B, and B B.

6. Explain the purpose and movements of the jack.

7. Describe a flange and the joint of same.

8. Give names of the four flanges shown in cut.

9. What is the purpose of the back catch and back check?

10. Explain the mechanical action of the damper pedal, and its
effect when used; also, that of the soft pedal.

LESSON IV.

~ACTION OF SQUARE AND GRAND PIANOS.~

ACTION OF THE SQUARE PIANO.

Up to about the year 1870, the square was the popular piano. The grand
has always been too expensive for the great music-loving masses, and
previous to this time the upright had not been developed sufficiently
to assert itself as a satisfactory instrument. The numerous objections
to the square piano forced its manufacture to be discontinued a few
years after the introduction of the improved new upright. Square
pianos that come, at the present day, under the hand of the tuner, are
usually at least fifteen years old, and more frequently twenty or
more. However, in some localities the tuner will meet numbers of these
pianos and he