position of legitimate dominance in the accepted
scheme of life. Among these archaic traits that are to be regarded as
survivals from the peaceable cultural phase, are that instinct of race
solidarity which we call conscience, including the sense of truthfulness
and equity, and the instinct of workmanship, in its naive, non-invidious
expression.

Under the guidance of the later biological and psychological science,
human nature will have to be restated in terms of habit; and in the
restatement, this, in outline, appears to be the only assignable place
and ground of these traits. These habits of life are of too pervading a
character to be ascribed to the influence of a late or brief discipline.
The ease with which they are temporarily overborne by the special
exigencies of recent and modern life argues that these habits are the
surviving effects of a discipline of extremely ancient date, from the
teachings of which men have frequently been constrained to depart in
detail under the altered circumstances of a later time; and the almost
ubiquitous fashion in which they assert themselves whenever the pressure
of special exigencies is relieved, argues that the process by which the
traits were fixed and incorporated into the spiritual make-up of the
type must have lasted for a relatively very long time and without
serious intermission. The point is not seriously affected by any
question as to whether it was a process of habituation in the
old-fashioned sense of the word or a process of selective adaptation of
the race.

The character and exigencies of life, under that regime of status and
of individual and class antithesis which covers the entire interval from
the beginning of predatory culture to the present, argue that the traits
of temperament here under discussion could scarcely have arisen and
acquired fixity during that interval. It is entirely probable that these
traits have come down from an earlier method of life, and have survived
through the interval of predatory and quasi-peaceable culture in a
condition of incipient, or at least imminent, desuetude, rather than
that they have been brought out and fixed by this later culture.
They appear to be hereditary characteristics of the race, and to have
persisted in spite of the altered requirements of success under the
predatory and the later pecuniary stages of culture. They seem to have
persisted by force of the tenacity of transmission that belongs to an
hereditary tr