e too
slow for a watermill unless a dam were built. But a dam often
flooded agricultural land. Some watermill wheels were moved by
tidal currents.

London guilds of craftsmen such as weavers, fullers, bakers,
loriners (makers of bits, spurs, and metal mountings of bridles
and saddles), cordwainers (makers of leather goods such as shoes),
pepperers, and goldsmiths were licensed by the King, for which
they paid him a yearly fee. There were also five Bridge Guilds
(probably raising money for the future construction of London
Bridge in stone) and St. Lazarus' Guild. The wealthy guilds, which
included the goldsmiths, the pepperers, and three bridge guilds
had landholding members who had been thegns or knights and now
became a class of royal officials: the King's minters, his
chamberlain, his takers of wines, his collectors of taxes. The
weavers of Oxford paid 27s. [two marks] to have a guild. The
shoemakers paid 67s. [five marks].

In 1212, master carpenters, masons, and tilers made 3d. per day,
their servers (the journeymen of a later time) made 11/2 d., free
stone carvers 21/2 d., plasterers and daubers, diggers and sievers
less. All received food in addition or 11/2 d. in its stead.

Sandwich was confirmed in its port rights by this charter: "Henry
II to his sheriff and bailiffs of Kent, greeting. I will and order
that the monks of the Holy Trinity of Canterbury shall have fully
all those liberties and customs in Sandwich which they had in the
time of King Henry my grandfather, as it was adjudged in pursuance
of his command by the oath of twelve men of Dover and twelve men
of Sandwich, to wit, that the aforesaid monks ought to have the
port and the toll and all maritime customs in the same port, on
either side of the water from Eadburge gate as far as markesfliete
and a ferryboat for passage. And no man has there any right
except they and their ministers. Wherefore I will and firmly
command you and the men of Sandwich that ye cause the aforesaid
monks to have all their customs both in the port and in the town
of Sandwich, and I forbid any from vexing them on this account."
"And they shall have my firm peace."

Henry gave this charter to the town of Bristol in 1164: "Know ye,
that I have granted to my burgesses of Bristol, that they shall be
quit both of toll [a reasonable sum of money or portion of the
thing sold, due to the owner of the fair or market on the sale of
things tollable therein. It was claimed by the l