carucage", by the smaller Norman carucate). The smaller
measure curtailed estates and increased taxation. It was assessed
from 2-5s. per carcuate [100 acres] and collected for the king by
knights with little or no remuneration, and later by inquest of
neighbors. The towns and demesne lands of the crown paid a tax
based on their produce that was collected by the itinerant
justices. Merchants were taxed on their personal property, which
was determined by an inquest of neighbors. Clergy were also taxed.
This new system of taxation increased the royal income about
threefold. There was a standard for reliefs paid of 100s. [5
pounds] for a knight's fee and 2,000s. [100 pounds] for a barony.
At the end of Henry's reign, his treasure was over 900,000 pounds.
Every hide of land paid the sheriff 2s. annually for his services
in the administration and defense of the county. This was probably
the old Danegeld.

Barons and their tenants and subtenants were offered an
alternative of paying shield money ["scutage"] of 26s.8d. per fee
in commutation for and instead of military service for their
fiefs. This enabled Henry to hire soldiers who would be more
directly under his own control and to organize a more efficient
army.

Henry II restored the silver coinage to its standard of purity.
The first great inflation in England occurred between 1180 and
1220. Most goods and services increased threefold over these forty
years.

Great households, whether of baron, prelate, monastery, or college
gave their officers and servants allowances of provisions and
clothing called "liveries". The officer of such departments as the
buttery [cellar storing butts of wine], the kitchen, the napery
[for linen cloth], and the chandlery had his fixed allowances for
every day and his livery of clothing at fixed times of the year or
intervals of years.

The administration of a great estate is indicated by the Pipe Roll
of the Bishopric of Winchester, 1208-1209, as follows:

"Downton: William FitzGilbert, and Joselyn the reeve, and Aylward
the cellarer render account of 7 pounds 12s.11d. for arrears of
the previous year. They paid and are quit. And of 3 pounds 2s.2d.
for landgafol. And of 12d. by increment of tax for a park which
William of Witherington held for nothing. And of 2s.6d. by
increment of tax for half a virgate of land which James Oisel held
without service. And of 19s. for 19 assize pleas in the new
market. And of 10s. by increment of tax f