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20,829,335 1901-1902 5,000,000 ------------ Total (twenty-one years) $127,730,825 Among the principal items chargeable to famine relief, direct and indirect, are the wages paid dependent persons employed during famines in the construction of railways and irrigation works, which, during the last twenty-one years, have been as follows: Direct Construction famine Construction of irrigation relief. of railways. works. Five years, '81-'86 $379,760 $9,113,165 $3,739,790 1886-1891 277,030 666,665 1,384,570 1891-1896 411,065 12,056,505 921,675 1896-1897 6,931,750 156,100 1897-1898 17,752,025 125,055 1898-1899 133,515 2,301,175 38,900 1899-1900 10,375,590 119,650 1900-1901 20,626,150 155,570 1901-1902 2,645,905 353,465 ----------- ----------- ---------- Total (21 years) $59,531,790 $24,137,610 $6,994,775 The chief remedies which the government has been endeavoring to apply are: 1. To extend the cultivated area by building irrigation works and scattering the people over territory that is not now occupied. 2. To construct railways and other transportation facilities for the distribution of food. This work has been pushed with great energy, and during the last ten years the railway mileage has been increased nearly 50 per cent to a total of more than 26,000 miles. About 2,000 miles are now under construction and approaching completion, and fresh projects will be taken up and pushed so that food may be distributed throughout the empire as rapidly as possible in time of emergency. Railway construction has also been one of the chief methods of relief. During the recent famine, and that of 1897, millions of coolies, who could find no other employment, were engaged at living wages upon various public works. This was considered better than giving them direct relief, which was avoided as far as possible so that they should not acquire the habit of depending upon charity. And as a part of the permanent famine relief system for fu
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