corresponding groove in the next
stave; its object is to ensure a close joint when the bands are
tightened up. Leaks seldom or never occur along the longitudinal
seams, but the end shrinkage caused troublesome joint leaks. The
shrinkage in California redwood, which had seasoned 60 to 90 days
before milling, was frequently as much as 3 in. in the 20 staves that
formed the 34-in. pipe, and the space so formed had to be filled by a
special closing stave. Metallic tongues, 3/4 in. deep, are inserted at
the ends of abutting staves, in a straight saw cut. The bands, which
are of mild steel, have a head at one end and a nut and washer at the
other; the ends are brought together on a wrought-iron shoe, against
which the nut and washer set. The staves forming the lower half of the
pipe are placed on an outside, and the top staves on an inside, mould.
While the bands are being adjusted the pipe is rounded out to bring
the staves out full, and the staves are carefully driven home on to
the abutting staves. The spacing of the bands depends on
circumstances, but is about 150 bands per 100 ft. With low heads the
limit of spacing was fixed at 17 in. The outer surface of the pipe,
when charged, shows moisture oozing slightly over the entire surface.
This condition Schuyler considers an ideal one for perfect
preservation, and the staves were kept as thin as possible to ensure
its occurrence. Samples taken from pipes in use from three to nine
years are quite sound, and it is concluded that the wood will last as
long as cast-iron if the pipe is kept constantly charged. The bands
are the only perishable portion, and their life is taken at from
fifteen to twenty years. Other portions of the second conduit for a
length of nearly 3 m. were formed of concrete piping, 38 in. diameter,
formed on a mould in the trench, the thickness being 2-1/2 to 3 in. So
successful an instance of the use of wooden piping on a large scale is
sure to lead to a large development of this type of aqueduct in
districts where timber is plentiful and iron absent.

Pioneer, Utah.

_Pioneer Aqueduct, Utah._--The construction of the Pioneer Aqueduct,
Utah, was begun in 1896 by the Pioneer Electric Power Company, near
the city of Ogden, 35 m. north of Salt Lake City. The storage
reservoir, from which it draws its water, will coyer an area of 2000
acres, and contain about 15,000 million gallons of