hat this very matter is
individual and determinate, and, therefore, itself requires explanation.
In general, Aquinas maintained in different senses the real existence of
universals _ante rem_, _in re_ and _post rem_.

The best modern edition of the works of Aquinas is that prepared at
the expense of Leo XIII. (Rome, 1882-1903). The Abbe Migne published a
very useful edition of the _Summa Theologiae_, in four 8vo vols., as
an appendix to his _Patrologiae Cursus Completus_; English editions,
J. Rickaby (London, 1872), J.M. Ashley (London, 1888). See _Acta
Sanct_., vii. Martii; A. Touron, _La Vie de St Thomas d'Aquin, avec un
expose de sa doctrine et de ses ouvrages_ (Paris, 1737); Karl Werner,
_Der Heilige Thomas van Aquino_ (1858); and R.B. Vaughan, _St Thomas
of Aquin, his Life and Labours_ (London, 1872): other lives by P.
Cavanagh (London, 1890); E. Desmousseaux de Giure (Paris, 1888); M.
Didot (Louvain, 1894). For the philosophy of Aquinas, see Albert
Stockl, _Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters_, ii.; B.
Haureau, _De la philosophie scolastique_, vol. ii.; J. Frohschammer,
_Die Philos. d. Th. van A_. (Leipzig, 1889); K. Prantl, _Geschichte d.
Logik_, vol. iii.; C.M. Schneider, _Natur, Vernunft, Gott_
(Regensburg, 1883), _Das Wissen Gottes nach d. Lehre des Th. v. A_. (4
vols. Regensburg, 1884-1886), _Die socialistische Staatsidee
beleuchtet durch Th. v. A_. (Paderborn, 1894); A. Harnack, _Hist, of
Dogma_ (trans. Wm. Gilchrist, London, 1899); Ueberweg's _History of
Philosophy_, vol. i. See also H.C. O'Neill, _New Things and Old in St
Thomas Aquinas_ (1909), with biography. (T. M. L.; J. M. M.)

AQUINO, a town and episcopal see of Campania, Italy, in the province of
Caserta; it is 56 m. N.W. by rail from the town of Caserta, and 7-1/2 m.
N.W. of Cassino. Pop. (1901) 2672. The modern town, close to the
ancient, is unimportant, though the canons of the cathedral have the
privilege of wearing the mitre and _cappa magna_ at great festivals. It
is close to the site of the ancient Aquinum, a _municipium_ in the time
of Cicero, and made a colony by the Triumviri, the birthplace of Juvenal
and of the emperor Pescennius Niger. The Via Latina traversed it; one of
the gates through which it passed, now called Porta S. Lorenzo, is still
well preserved, and there are remains within the walls (portions of
which, built of large blocks of limestone, still remain) of two (so