s placed under the "protection" of the Swiss
Confederation, of which, in 1452, it became an "allied member," and in
1513 a full member. Religious differences broke up the land after the
Reformation into two portions, each called _Rhoden_, a term that in the
singular is said to mean a "clearing," and occurs in 1070, long before
the final separation. From 1798 to 1803 Appenzell, with the other
domains of the abbot of St Gall, was formed into the canton Santis of
the Helvetic Republic, but in 1803, on the creation of the new canton of
St Gall, shrank back within its former boundaries. The oldest codes of
the laws and customs of the land date from 1409 and 1585, the original
MS. of the latter (called the "Silver Book" from its silver clasps)
being still used in Inner Rhoden when, at the close of the annual
_Landsgemeinde_, the newly elected _Landammann_ first takes the oath of
office, and the assembled members then take that of obedience to him, in
either case with uplifted right hands.

See also _Appenzellische Jahrbucher_ (3 series from 1854, Trogen); G.
Baumberger, "_Juhu-Juuhu_"--_Appenzellerland und Appenzellerleut_
(Einsiedeln, 1903); J.G. Ebel, _Schilderung d. Gebirgsvolker d.
Schweiz_, vol. i. (Leipzig, 1798); W. Kobelt, _Die Alpwirthschaft im
Kant. App. Inner Rhoden_ (Soleure, 1899); I.B. Richman, _Appenzell_
(London, 1895); H. Ryffel, _Die schweiz. Landsgemeinden_ (Zurich,
1903); J.J. Tobler and A. Struby, _Die Alpwirthschaft im Kant. App.
Ausser Rhoden_ (Soleure, 1900); J.C. Zellweger, _Geschichte d. app.
Volkes_ (to 1597), 6 vols in 11 parts (Trogen, 1830-1838); J.C.
Zellweger, junior, _Der Kant. App._. (Trogen, 1867); A. Tobler, _Das
Volkslied im Appenzellerland_ (Basel, 1906); J.J. Blumer, _Staats- und
Rechtsgeschichte d. schweiz. Demokratien_ (3 vols. St Gall,
1850-1859). (W. A. B. C.)

APPENZELL, the political capital of the Inner Rhoden half of the Swiss
canton of Appenzell. It is built in a smiling green hollow on the left
bank of the Sitter stream, which is formed by the union of several
mountain torrents descending from the Santis. By light railways it is
12-1/2 m. from St Gall past Gais or 20-1/2 m. past Herisau. Its chief
streets are paved, but it is rather a large village than a town, though
in 1900 it had 4574 inhabitants, practically all German-speaking and
Romanists. It has a stately modern parish church (attached to a Gothic
choir), a small but very ancient cha