es_ and _Recognitions_, are likewise of Syrian
origin. Moreover, the spurious Ignatian epistles, which are also Syrian,
depend throughout upon the Constitutions, (v.) But this is not all. It
was long ago noticed that Pseudo-Clement bears a very close resemblance
to Pseudo-Ignatius, the interpolator of the Ignatian Epistles in the
longer Greek recension. Usher, as we have seen, identified them, and
modern criticism accepts this identification as a fact (Lagarde,
Harnack, Funk, Brightman). Lightfoot, indeed, still hesitated (_Ap.
Fathers_, II. i. 266 n.) on the ground that Pseudo-Ignatius occasionally
misunderstands the Constitutions, that the two writings give the Roman
succession differently, and that Pseudo-Clement shows no knowledge of
the Christological controversies of Nicaea. But as regards the first of
these, it is rather a case of condensed citation than of
misinterpretation; the second is explained by the writer's carelessness
as shown in other passages, and all are solved if a considerable
interval of time elapsed between the compilation of the Constitutions
and the spurious Ignatian epistles.

It seems clear then that the compiler was a Syrian, and that he also
wrote the spurious Ignatian epistles; he was likewise probably a
semi-Arian of the school of Lucian of Antioch. His date is given by
Harnack as A.D. 340-360, with a leaning to 340-343; by Lightfoot as the
latter half of the 4th century; by Brightman, 370-380; by Maclean, 375;
and by Funk as the beginning of the 5th century.

AUTHORITIES.--W. Ueltzen, _Constitutiones Apostolicae_ (Schwerin,
1853); P.A. de Lagarde, _Didascalia Apostolorum Syriace_ (Leipz.,
1854); _Constitutiones Apostolorum_ (Leipz. and Lond., 1862); M.D.
Gibson, _Didascalia Apost. Syriace_, with Eng. trans. (_Horae
Semiticae_, i. and ii., Cambridge, 1903); J.B. Pitra, _Juris
Ecclesiastici Graecorum Historia et Monumenta_, i. (Rome, 1864);
Hauler, _Didascaliae Apostolorum Fragmenta Ueronensia Latina_,
(Leipzig, 1900); Bickell, _Geschichte des Kirchenrechts_, i. (Giessen,
1843); F.X. Funk, _Die apostolischen Konstitutionen_ (Rottenb., 1891);
A. Harnack, _Geschichte d. altchristl. Litteratur_, i. 515 ff.
(Leipz., 1893); F.E. Brightman, _Liturgies Eastern and Western_, I.
xvii. ff. (Oxford, 1896); H. Achelis, in Hauck's _Realencyklopadie_,
i. 734 f., art. "Apostolische Konstitutionen und Kanones" (Leipz.,
1896); A.S. Maclean, _Recent Discoveries illustrating Earl