grave-digger. In the majority of cases transportation is
impossible, so disproportioned is the burden to the motive-power. A
slight displacement, caused by the effort of the insects' backs, is all
that can possibly be effected.

Ammophilus and Cerceris, Sphex and Pompilus excavate their burrows
wherever they please; they carry their prey thither on the wing, or, if
too heavy, drag it afoot. The Necrophorus knows no such facilities in
his task. Incapable of carrying the monstrous corpse, no matter where
encountered, he is forced to dig the grave where the body lies.

This obligatory place of sepulture may be in stony soil; it may occupy
this or that bare spot, or some other where the grass, especially the
couch-grass, plunges into the ground its inextricable network of little
cords. There is a great probability, too, that a bristle of stunted
brambles may support the body at some inches from the soil. Slung by
the labourers' spade, which has just broken his back, the Mole falls
here, there, anywhere, at random; and where the body falls, no matter
what the obstacles--provided they be not insurmountable--there the
undertaker must utilize it.

The difficulties of inhumation are capable of such variety as causes us
already to foresee that the Necrophorus cannot employ fixed methods in
the accomplishment of his labours. Exposed to fortuitous hazards, he
must be able to modify his tactics within the limits of his modest
perceptions. To saw, to break, to disentangle, to lift, to shake, to
displace: these are so many methods of procedure which are
indispensable to the grave-digger in a predicament. Deprived of these
resources, reduced to uniformity of method, the insect would be
incapable of pursuing the calling which has fallen to its lot.

We see at once how imprudent it would be to draw conclusions from an
isolated case in which rational coordination or premeditated intention
might appear to intervene. Every instinctive action no doubt has its
motive; but does the animal in the first place judge whether the action
is opportune? Let us begin by a careful consideration of the creature's
labours; let us support each piece of evidence by others; and then we
shall be able to answer the question.

First of all, a word as to diet. A general scavenger, the
Burying-beetle refuses nothing in the way of cadaveric putridity. All
is good to his senses, feathered game or furry, provided that the
burden do not exceed his strength. He