members and insisted that all jurors take the "ironclad" test oath.
There was some attempt at regulating the Federal courts but without much
success.

Since the state legislatures were forbidden to meet, much legislation
was enacted through military orders. Stay laws were enacted, the color
line was abolished, new criminal regulations were promulgated, and the
police power was invoked in some instances to justify sweeping measures,
such as the prohibition of whisky manufacture in North Carolina and
South Carolina. The military governors levied, increased, or decreased
taxes and made appropriations which the state treasurers were forced to
pay, but they restrained the radical conventions, all of which wished to
spend much money. According to the Act of March 23, 1867, the generals
and their appointees were to be paid by the United States, but in
practice the running expenses of reconstruction were paid by the state
treasurers.

Any attempt to favor the Confederate soldiers was frowned upon. Laws
providing wooden legs and free education for crippled Confederates were
suspended. Militia organizations and military schools were forbidden.
No uniform might be worn, no parades were permitted, no memorial and
historical societies were to be organized, and no meeting of any
kind could be held without a permit. The attempt to control the press
resulted in what one general called "a horrible uproar." Editors were
forbidden to express themselves too strongly against reconstruction;
public advertising and printing were awarded only to those papers
actively supporting reconstruction. Several newspapers were suppressed,
a notable example being the "Tuscaloosa Independent Monitor", whose
editor, Ryland Randolph, was a picturesque figure in Alabama journalism
and a leader in the Ku Klux Klan.

The military administration was thorough and, as a whole, honest
and efficient. With fewer than ten thousand soldiers, the generals
maintained order and carried on the reconstruction of the South. The
whites made no attempt at resistance, though they were irritated
by military rule and resented the loss of self-government. But most
Southerners preferred the rule of the army to the alternative reign
of the carpetbagger, scalawag, and Negro. The extreme radicals at the
North, on the other hand, were disgusted at the conservative policy of
the generals. The apathy of the whites at the beginning of the military
reconstruction excited surprise on