itution adopted at this time the word "citizen" was used instead
of "man" and all legal disqualifications of women were removed. Both
the men and women of Finland at last are free.

NORWAY.

The second country and the first independent Government in Europe to
enfranchise women was Norway. With characteristic caution and
conservatism this was done by degrees, beginning with the Municipal
vote for taxpayers, followed by the complete franchise, and then the
removal of the taxpaying qualification for the former and at last for
the full suffrage. The president of the National Association through
all the years has been Mrs. F. M. Qvam of Stenkjaer, county of N.
Trondhjem, to whom the women have given undivided allegiance. The
History is indebted to Mrs. Qvam for most of the following
information. In sending it she wrote: "The last twenty years are like
an Adventure of a Thousand Nights for suffragists. What was sown and
seemed lost has sprouted and brought the greatest victories around the
world. May women now be able to do at least a little of the good that
the workers for the suffrage have dreamt that it would bring to the
nations." Its results in Norway certainly have realized that dream, as
they have effected many beneficial changes in the laws.

The first demand for woman suffrage at a public meeting, so far as
known, was made in 1869 by Mr. Qvam, a barrister. The pioneer of the
organized movement was Miss Gina Krog, who, after having written and
lectured on the subject for years, founded the Christiania Woman
Suffrage Union in 1885. She was moved to do this by reading the early
volumes of the History of Woman Suffrage, published about this time
and sent by Miss Susan B. Anthony to the university at Christiania.
Miss Krog edited _Nylande_, a monthly devoted to the interests of
women, and continued as president twelve years. She was succeeded by
Miss Rogstad. In 1886 bills were presented to the Parliament in
connection with an extension of the male suffrage. In 1888 the first
large public meeting was held. These were continued, petitions were
collected, bills were presented at every session, one in 1893
receiving a majority but not the necessary two-thirds. Women from
other parts of the country became interested and on Feb. 12, 1898, the
National Woman Suffrage Association was organized; Mrs. Qvam was
elected president. The association is still doing a vast amount of
work in the interest of women and children. There