the basis of instinct, the sentiment of social duty has almost
entirely replaced the individual sentiments of sympathy. An ant or a
bee only loves, so to speak, the whole assemblage of his companions.
It does not sacrifice itself for any one of them in particular, but
only for the community. In these animals the individual is only
regarded as a number in the community whose motto is--one for all, but
never all for one.

In bees especially, the degree of sympathy extended to a member or a
class of the hive is exactly proportional to the utility of this
member to the community. The working bees will kill themselves or die
of hunger in order to nourish their queen, while in the autumn they
ruthlessly massacre all the males or drones which have become
useless.

=Sentiments of Patriotism and Humanity.=--The human brain, so powerful
and so complicated, contains a little of all these things, with
enormous individual variations. In man, the sentiments of sympathy and
duty relate especially to the family, that is to say, they are to a
great extent limited to individuals interested in a sexual community,
viz., the conjoints and children, as occurs generally in mammals. It
follows that sentiments of sympathy connected with larger communities
such as remote relatives, the clan, the community, the country, those
who speak the same language, etc., are relatively much weaker, and
result from education and custom rather than from instinct. The
weakest sentiment is certainly that of _humanity_, which regards each
man as a brother and companion, and from which is evolved the general
sentiment of solidarity or social duty. How can it be otherwise in a
species which has lived for thousands or perhaps millions of years as
small hostile tribes, separated from each other? Primitive men were so
destitute of all humanitarian sentiment that they not only killed one
another and practiced mutual slavery, but also martyred, tortured and
even devoured one another.

In spite of all this, and as the result of custom and life in common,
the individual sentiments of sympathy in man are easily extended to
members of other races, especially as regards different sexes, so much
so that enemies conquered and taken prisoners often became later on,
owing to life in common, the friends or mates of their conquerors.

=Antipathy.=--Inversely, individual antipathies and enmity often occur
not only between members of the same tribe but even between those of