, nor was any obstruction offered to the progress
of civilization.

In 1824 the United States required of the tribes in this region to
define their territory, a demand which intensified and gave a new turn
to their intertribal warfare. The use of gun, horse, and whiskey
completed the demoralization, and thus the truly "savage" warfare had
its origin, ever increasing in bitterness until it culminated in
resistance to the Government, in 1862, one hundred years after the
struggle and defeat of the great Pontiac.

THE SIOUX AND THEIR GRIEVANCES

A treaty was made in 1851 with the Minnesota Sioux to which one band was
not a party. This was the one commonly known as Inkpaduta's band, whose
usual winter resort was in northwestern Iowa. White settlers went upon
the ceded lands, and when this band returned to Spirit Lake after their
summer's roving they found it occupied. Owing to a very severe winter
and the presence of the settlements, the surrounding country became
depleted of game, and the Sioux, who were starving, sought aid among the
settlers. No doubt they became a nuisance, and were so treated, which
treatment they very naturally resented, and thus arose the "Spirit Lake
massacre." The rest of the tribe condemned the act, and Sioux from the
Redwood reservation pursued the guilty band until they overtook and
killed two of Inkpaduta's sons. The others were driven back among the
wild Sioux. This was their first offence, after more than a century of
contact with the whites.

Little Crow's band formed the east wing of the Sioux nation, and were
the first to enter reservation life. The causes of their outbreak, a few
years later, were practically the same as in many other instances, for
in its broad features the history of one Indian tribe is the history of
all. Their hunting-grounds were taken from them, and the promised
support was not forthcoming. Some of the chiefs began to "play politics"
like white men, and through their signatures, secretly given, a payment
of $98,000 due the tribe was made to the Indian traders. Little Crow
himself was involved in this steal, and was made head chief by the
whites, who wished to have some one in this position whom they could
deal with. But soon the non-payment of annuities brought the Indians to
the verge of starvation, and in despair they forced Little Crow to lead
them in revolt. In August, 1862, they massacred the agency employees and
extended their attack to the white settlers