sometimes arranged by agreement among those entitled
to them. The tenure of office was usually a year, but it was frequently
prolonged. When a new governor arrived in the province, his predecessor
was expected to leave within thirty days.

The governor was assisted by two QUAESTORS, who had charge of the
financial duties of the government. Originally the governor was obliged
to account at Rome for his administration, from his own books and those
of the Quaestors; but after 61 B. C., he was obliged to deposit two
copies of his accounts in the two chief cities of his province, and to
forward a third to Rome.

If the governor misconducted himself in the performance of his official
duties, the provincials might apply for redress to the Senate, and to
influential Romans who were their patrons.

The governor received no salary, but was allowed to exact certain
contributions from the people of the province for the support of himself
and his retinue, which consisted of quaestors, secretary, notary,
lictors, augurs, and public criers. His authority was supreme in
military and civil matters, and he could not be removed from office. But
after his term had ended, he could be tried for mismanagement.

Many of the governors were rascals, and obtained by unfair means vast
sums of money from the provincials. One of the most notorious of these
was Verres, against whom Cicero delivered his Verrine orations.

At the time of the battle of Actium there were eighteen provinces; viz.
Sicilia (227 (Footnote: The figures in parentheses indicate the date
at which the province was established.)), Sardinia and Corsica (227),
Hispania Citerior (205), Hispania Ulterior (205), Illyricum (167),
Macedonia (146), Africa (146), Asia (133), Achaia (146), Gallia Citerior
(80), Gallia Narbonensis (118), Cilicia (63), Syria (64), Bithynia and
Pontus (63), Cyprus (55), Cyrenaica and Crete (63), Numidia (46), and
Mauritania (46).

Under the Emperors the following sixteen were added: Rhoetia, Noricum,
Pannonia, Moesia, Dacia, Britannia, Aegyptus, Cappadocia, Galatia,
Rhodus, Lycia, Judaea, Arabia, Mesopotamia. Armenia, and Assyria.

CHAPTER XLV.

(Footnote: Most of the information given in this chapter is scattered in
different parts of the history; but it seems well to condense it into
one chapter for readier reference.)

ROMAN OFFICERS, ETC.

The magistrates of Rome were of two classes; the _Majores_, or higher,
and the _Minores_, or lowe