in
377 B.C., and restored by Tiberius. The Temple of Janus was an arched
passage east of the Forum, the gates of which were open during war. Up
to the time of Ovid the gates had been closed but three times, once in
Numa's reign, again at the close of the battle of Actium. Janus was
one of the oldest Latin divinities, and was represented with a face in
front and another on the back of his head. From him is named the month
of January.

(Illustration: ROME AND ENVIR.)

There were several temples of Jupiter, the most famous of which was that
of Jupiter Optimus, Maximus, or Capitolinus, built during the dynasty of
the Tarquins, and splendidly adorned. (See Chapter V.) There were also
numerous temples of Juno, of Mars, and of other deities.

The COLOSSEUM was the largest building in Rome.

There were three theatres; that of Pompey, of Marcellus, and of Balbus;
and several circuses, the most famous of which was the Circus Maximus.

The BASILICAE were halls of justice (court-houses). The most important
was the Basilica Julia, begun by Caesar and finished by Augustus, which
was situated on the south side of the Forum, and the foundations of
which can still be seen.

The CURIA, or Senate-house, was in the Forum. Each of the thirty curiae
had a place of meeting, called also a curia, where were discussed public
questions pertaining to politics, finance, or religion.

The PUBLIC BATHS were numerous. There were Thermae (hot baths) of Nero,
of Titus, of Trajan, of Caracalla, and of others, ruins of which still
exist.

Pure water was brought into the city from the surrounding hills by
fourteen different aqueducts, all of which were well built, and three of
which are still in use. The first aqueduct (Aqua Appia) was built about
313 B.C., by Appius Claudius.

SEWERS intersected Rome in all directions, and some were of immense
size. The CLOACA MAXIMA, built by Tarquin, was the largest, and is still
in use. Its innermost arch has a diameter of fourteen feet.

There are said to have been twenty TRIUMPHAL ARCHES, of which five now
remain, 1. The ARCH OF DRUSUS, on the Appian Way, erected in honor of
Claudius Drusus. 2. The ARCH OF TITUS, at the foot of the Palatine Hill,
built by Titus to commemorate his conquest of Judaea, The bas-reliefs
on this arch represent the spoils taken from the temple at Jerusalem,
carried in triumphal procession. 3. The ARCH OF SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, built
by the Senate in 207 A. D., at the end of the Via