e as the
Egyptian Khalakka, is the Cilicia Trachsea of classical
geographers.

^ The country of Kashku, which has been connected with
Kashkisha, which takes the place of Karkisha in an Egyptian
text, was still a dependency of the Hittites in the time of
Tiglath-pileser. It was in the neighbourhood of the Urumu,
whose capital seems to have been Urum, the Ourima of
Ptolemy, near the bend of the Euphrates between Sumeisat and
Birejik; it extended into the Commagene of classical times,
on the borders of Melitene and the Tubal.

^^ Kummukh lay on both sides of the Euphrates and of the
Upper Tigris; it became gradually restricted, until at
length it was conterminous with the Commagene of classical
geographers.

The ancient Mitanni to the east of Carchemish, which was so active in
the time of the later Amenothes, had now ceased to exist, and there
was but a vague remembrance of its farmer prowess. It had foundered
probably in the great cataclysm which engulfed the Hittite empire,
although its name appears inscribed once more among those of the vassals
of Egypt on the triumphal lists of Ramses III. Its chief tribes had
probably migrated towards the regions which were afterwards described by
the Greek geographers as the home of the Matieni on the Halys and in the
neighbourhood of Lake Urmiah. Aramaean kingdoms, of which the greatest
was that of Bit-Adini,* had succeeded them, and bordered the Euphrates
on each side as far as the Chalus and Balikh respectively; the ancient
Harran belonged also to them, and their frontier stretched as far as
Hamath, and to that of the Patinu on the Orontes.

* The province of Bit-Adini was specially that part of the
country which lay between the Euphrates and the Balikh, but
it extended also to other Syrian provinces between the
Euphrates and the Aprie.

It was, as we have seen, a complete breaking up of the old
nationalities, and we have evidence also of a similar disintegration in
the countries to the north of the Taurus, in the direction of the Black
Sea. Of the mighty Khati with whom Thutmosis III. had come into contact,
there was no apparent trace: either the tribes of which they were
composed had migrated towards the south, or those who had never left
their native mountains had entered into new combinations and lost even
the remembrance of their name. The Milidu, Tabal (Tubal), and Mushku
(Meshe