The Patinu, who were their immediate
neighbours on the west, stretched right up to the Mediterranean above
the plains of Naharairn and beyond the Orontes; they had absorbed, it
would seem, the provinces of the ancient Alasia. Aramaeans occupied
the region to the south of the Patinu between the two Lebanon ranges,
embracing the districts of Hamath and Qobah.**

* The results of the excavations at Zinjirli are evidence of
what historical material we may hope to find in these
tumuli. See the account of the earlier results in P. von
Luschan, _Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli_, 1893.

** The Aramaeans are mentioned by Tiglath-pileser I. as
situated between the Balikh, the Euphrates, and the Sajur.

The valleys of the Amanus and the southern slopes of the Taurus included
within them some half-dozen badly defined principalities--Samalla on the
Kara-Su,* Gurgum** around Marqasi, the Qui*** and Khilakku**** in
the classical Cilicia, and the Kasku^ and Kummukh^^ in a bend of the
Euphrates to the north and north-east of the Khati.

* The country of Samalla, in Egyptian Samalua, extended
around the Tell of Zinjirli, at the foot of the Amanus, in
the valley of Marash of the Arab historians.

** The name has been read Gamgumu, Gaugum, and connected by
Tom-kins with the Egyptian Augama, which he reads Gagama, in
the lists of Thutmosis III. The Aramaean inscription on the
statue of King Panammu shows that it must be read Gurgumu,
and Sachau has identified this new name with that of Jurjum,
which was the name by which the province of the Amanus,
lying between Baias and the lake of Antioch, was known in
the Byzantine period; the ancient Gurgum stretches further
towards the north, around the town of Marqasi, which Tomkins
and Sachau have identified with Marash.

*** The site of the country of Qui was determined by
Schrader; it was that part of the Cilician plain which
stretches from the Amanus to the mountains of the Ketis, and
takes in the great town of Tarsus. F. Lenor-mant has pointed
out that this country is mentioned twice in the Scriptures
(1 _Kings_ x, 28 and 2 _Chron_. i. 16), in the time of
Solomon. The designation of the country, transformed into
the appellation of an eponymous god, is found in the name
Qauisaru, "Qaui is king."

**** Khilakku, the name of which is possibly the sam