im no more. No one could tell of his virtues, his career, his
excellences. Nothing remained but his epitaph:

"O reader, if that thou canst read,
Look down upon this stone;
Do all we can, Death is a man
That never spareth none."

CHAPTER VI

CLERKS TOO CLERICAL. SMUGGLING DAYS AND SMUGGLING WAYS

It is perhaps not altogether surprising that in times when ordained
clergymen were scarce, and when much confusion reigned, the clerk should
occasionally have taken upon himself to discharge duties which scarcely
pertained to his office. Great diversity of opinion is evident as
regards the right of the clerk to perform certain ecclesiastical
services, such as his reading of the Burial Service, the Churching of
Women, and the reading of the daily services in the absence of the
incumbent. In the days of Queen Elizabeth, judging from the numerous
inquiries issued by the bishops at their visitations, one would imagine
that the parish clerk performed many services which pertained to the
duties of the parish priest. It is not likely that such inquiries should
have been made if some reports of clerks and readers exceeding their
prescribed functions had not reached episcopal ears. They ask if readers
presume to baptize or marry or celebrate Holy Communion. And the answers
received in several cases support the surmise of the bishops. Thus we
read that at Westbere, "When the parson is absent the parish clerk reads
the service." At Waltham the parish clerk served the parish for the most
as the vicar seldom came there. At Tenterden the service was read by a
layman, one John Hopton, and at Fairfield a reader served the church.
This was the condition of those parishes in 1569, and doubtless many
others were similarly situated.

The Injunctions of Archbishop Grindal, issued in 1571, are severe and
outspoken with regard to lay ministration. He wrote as follows:

"We do enjoin and straitly command, that from henceforth no
parish clerk, nor any other person not being ordered, at the
least, for a deacon, shall presume to solemnize Matrimony, or
to minister the Sacrament of Baptism, or to deliver the
communicants the Lord's cup at the celebration of the Holy
Communion. And that no person, not being a minister, deacon,
or at least, tolerated by the ordinary in writing, do attempt
to supply the office of a minister in saying divine service
openly in any church or chapel