he other experiment, though of a different character, is quite as
convincing. In certain regions about Rome, in the Campania, malaria is
so prevalent that, in the autumn, almost everyone in the district is
attacked, particularly if he is a newcomer. Dr. Sambon and a friend
lived in this district from June 1 to September 1, 1900. The test was
whether they could live in this exceedingly dangerous climate for
the three months without catching malaria, if they used stringent
precautions against the bites of mosquitoes. For this purpose the hut
in which they lived was thoroughly wired, and they slept under netting.
Both of these gentlemen, at the end of the period, had escaped the
disease.

Then came the fifth and final triumph--the prevention of the disease.
The anti-malarial crusade which has been preached by Sir Ronald Ross and
has been carried out successfully on a wholesale scale in Italy and in
parts of India and Africa, has reduced enormously the incidence of
the disease. Professor Celli of Rome, in his lecture room, has an
interesting chart which shows the reduction in the mortality from
malaria in Italy since the preventive measures have been adopted--the
deaths have fallen from above 28,000 in 1888 to below 2000 in 1910.
There is needed a stirring campaign against the disease throughout the
Southern States of this country.

The story of yellow fever illustrates one of the greatest practical
triumphs of scientific medicine; indeed, in view of its far-reaching
commercial consequences, it may range as one of the first achievements
of the race. Ever since the discovery of America, the disease has been
one of its great scourges, permanently endemic in the Spanish Main,
often extending to the Southern States, occasionally into the North, and
not infrequently it has crossed the Atlantic. The records of the British
Army in the West Indies show an appalling death rate, chiefly from this
disease. At Jamaica, for the twenty years ending in 1836, the average
mortality was 101 per thousand, and in certain instances as high as 178.
One of the most dreaded of all infections, the periods of epidemics in
the Southern States have been the occasions of a widespread panic with
complete paralysis of commerce. How appalling the mortality is may be
judged from the outbreak in Philadelphia in 1793, when ten thousand
people died in three months.(5) The epidemics in Spain in the early part
of the nineteenth century were of great severity.