tiquity
of such deposits, at least in countries habitually convulsed by
earthquakes. Extraordinary rains accompanied the shocks before
mentioned; and two volcanoes are said to have been in eruption in the
mountain-chain nearest to Bogota.

_Chili_, 1822.--On the 19th of November, 1822, the coast of Chili was
visited by a most destructive earthquake. The shock was felt
simultaneously throughout a space of 1200 miles from north to south. St.
Jago, Valparaiso, and some other places, were greatly injured. When the
district round Valparaiso was examined on the morning after the shock,
it was found that the coast for a considerable distance was raised above
its former level.[630] At Valparaiso the elevation was three feet, and
at Quintero about four feet. Part of the bed of the sea, says Mrs.
Graham, remained bare and dry at high water, "with beds of oysters,
mussels, and other shells adhering to the rocks on which they grew, the
fish being all dead, and exhaling most offensive effluvia.[631]

An old wreck of a ship, which before could not be approached, became
accessible from the land, although its distance from the original
sea-shore had not altered. It was observed that the water-course of a
mill, at the distance of about a mile from the sea, gained a fall of
fourteen inches, in little more than one hundred yards; and from this
fact it is inferred that the rise in some parts of the inland country
was far more considerable than on the borders of the ocean.[632] Part of
the coast thus elevated consisted of granite, in which parallel fissures
were caused, some of which were traced for a mile and a half inland.
Cones of earth about four feet high were thrown up in several districts,
by the forcing up of water mixed with sand through funnel-shaped
hollows,--a phenomenon very common in Calabria, and the explanation of
which will hereafter be considered. Those houses in Chili of which the
foundations were on rock were less damaged than such as were built on
alluvial soil.

Mr. Cruickshanks, an English botanist, who resided in the country
during the earthquake, has informed me that some rocks of greenstone at
Quintero, a few hundred yards from the beach, which had always been
under water till the shock of 1822, have since been uncovered when the
tide is at half-ebb: and he states that, after the earthquake, it was
the general belief of the fishermen and inhabitants of the Chilian
coast, _not_ that the land had risen, but that t