ed; little shelter remaining
there, and very bad landing." The surrounding sea is also stated to have
become shallower in exactly the same proportion as the land had risen;
the soundings having diminished a fathom and a half everywhere around
the island.

At Tubal, also, to the southeast of Santa Maria, the land was raised six
feet, at Mocha two feet, but no elevation could be ascertained at
Valdivia.

Among other effects of the catastrophe, it is stated that cattle
standing on a steep slope, near the shore, were rolled down into the
sea, and many others were washed off by the great wave from low land and
drowned.[627]

In November of the same year (1835), Conception was shaken by a severe
earthquake, and on the same day Osorno, at the distance of 400 miles,
renewed its activity. These facts prove not only the connection of
earthquakes with volcanic eruptions in this region, but also the vast
extent of the subterranean areas over which the disturbing cause acts
simultaneously.

_Ischia_, 1828.--On the 2d of February the whole island of Ischia was
shaken by an earthquake, and in the October following I found all the
houses in Casamicciol still without their roofs. On the sides of a
ravine between that town and Forio, I saw masses of greenish tuff which
had been thrown down. The hot-spring of Rita, which was nearest the
centre of the movement, was ascertained by M. Covelli to have increased
in temperature, showing, as he observes, that the explosion took place
below the reservoirs which heat the thermal waters.[628]

_Bogota_, 1827.--On the 16th of November, 1827, the plain of Bogota, in
New Granada, or Colombia, was convulsed by an earthquake, and a great
number of towns were thrown down. Torrents of rain swelled the
Magdalena, sweeping along vast quantities of mud and other substances,
which emitted a sulphurous vapor and destroyed the fish. Popayan, which
is distant 200 geographical miles S. S. W. of Bogota, suffered greatly.
Wide crevices appeared in the road of Guanacas, leaving no doubt that
the whole of the Cordilleras sustained a powerful shock. Other fissures
opened near Costa, in the plains of Bogota, into which the river Tunza
immediately began to flow.[629] It is worthy of remark, that in all such
cases the ancient gravel bed of a river is deserted and a new one formed
at a lower level; so that a want of relation in the position of alluvial
beds of the existing water-courses may be no test of the high an