bly on the subject, and a Philadelphia paper published
this statement on July 23d, 1788:

"A correspondent wishes that a monument could be erected in Union
Green with the following inscription.

In Honour of
American Beer and Cyder.

It is hereby recorded for the information of strangers and
posterity that 17,000 Assembled in this Green on the 4th of July
1788 to celebrate the establishment of the Constitution of the
United States, and that they departed at an early hour without
intoxication or a single quarrel. They drank nothing but Beer and
Cyder. Learn Reader to prize these invaluable liquors and to
consider them as the companions of those virtues which can alone
render our country free and reputable.

Learn likewise to Despise
Spirituous Liquors as Anti Federal

and to consider them as the companions of all those vices which are
calculated to dishonor and enslave our country."

VIII

TRAVEL, TAVERN, AND TURNPIKE

When New England was colonized, the European emigrants were forced to
content themselves with the rude means of transportation which were
employed by the aborigines. The favorite way back and forth from
Plymouth to Boston and Cape Ann was by water, by skirting the shore in
birchen pinnaces or dugouts--hollowed pine logs about twenty feet long
and two and a half feet wide--in which Johnson said the savages ventured
two leagues out at sea. There were few horses, and the few were too
valuable for domestic work to be spared for travel, hence the journeyer
must go by water, or on foot. When Bradstreet was sent to Dover as Royal
Commissioner, he walked the entire distance there, and back to Boston,
by narrow Indian paths.

The many estuaries and river-mouths that intersected the coast also made
travel on horseback difficult. Foot-passengers, however, could cross the
narrow streams by natural ford-ways, or on fallen trees, which were
ordered to be put in proper place by the colonial government; and the
broader rivers by canoe ferries. We see, through the record of one
journey, the dignified Governor of Massachusetts carried across the
ford-ways pick-a-pack on the shoulders of his stalwart Indian guide.

But soon the settlers, true to their English instincts and habits,
turned their attention to the breeding of horses. They imported m