w,
where _ludi magni_ are vowed to him, as all such _ludi_
were, he is also simply Jupiter.

[678] _R.K._ 356. In his view the new amalgam of twelve
gods was known as _di Consentes_, an expression of
Varro's which has been much discussed. See
Mueller-Deecke, _Etrusker_, ii. 83; _C.I.L._ vi. 102;
Wissowa, _Gesammelte Abhandlungen_, 190 foll. In _de Re
Rust._ i. 1, Varro speaks of twelve _dei consentes,
urbani_, whose gilded statues stood in the forum.

[679] Livy xxii. 57.

[680] See above, p. 207. Orosius' account of this is
worth reading; he calls it "obligamentum hoc magicum"
(iv. 13). He mentions a Gallic pair and a Greek woman,
and dates it in 226 (227 according to Wissowa,
_Gesammelte Abhandlungen_, p. 227). Cp. Plut. _Marcell._
3. Livy's words, "iam ante hostiis humanis, minime
Romano sacro, imbutum," agree with this. There must have
been an outbreak of feeling and recourse to the
Sibylline books in the stress of the Gallic war.

[681] _Sib. Blaetter_, p. 86.

[682] Pliny, _N.H._ xxviii. 12 and 13. Plutarch, _l.c._,
confirms him. Pliny, it may be noticed, is here writing
of spells, etc., among which he classes the _precatio_
of this rite.

[683] The first gladiatorial show was in 264 B.C. (Val.
Max. ii. 4. 7).

[684] The arguments are stated fully in his _Gesammelte
Abhandlungen_, 211 foll.

[685] The best account of these, or rather of the Argean
itinerary, of which fragments are preserved in Varro,
_L.L._ v. 45 foll., is still that of Jordan in his
_Roemische Topographie_, ii. 603 foll. The extracts seem
to be from a record of directions for the passage of a
procession round the _sacella_ (or _sacraria_, Varro v.
48). Though quoting these, Varro has nothing to say of
their origin, which would be strange indeed if they were
of such comparatively late date.

[686] In Varro, _L.L._ vii. 44. There is no doubt that
the line is from Ennius; it is also quoted as his in
Festus, p. 355.

[687] Schanz, _Gesch. der roem. Literatur_, vol. i. ed.
3, p. 110.

[688] Some examples of substitution will be found in
Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral
Ideas_, i. 469. It is of course a well-known phenomenon,
but is now generally rejected as an explanation of
_oscilla_, _maniae_, etc. (see Wissowa, _R.K._ p. 355,