om adverse
effects

parties - (8) Finland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland

note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the
convention: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, European
Union, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Ukraine,
United Kingdom, United States

-----

Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Flora and Fauna (CITES)

note - abbreviated as Endangered Species

date opened for signature - 1973

objective - to protect certain endangered species from overexploitation
by means of a system of import/export permits

parties - (104) Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic,
Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark,
Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia,
Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,
Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Rwanda, Senegal, Singapore, Somalia,
South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland,
Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United
Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela,
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe

note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the
convention: Cambodia, Ireland, Kuwait, Lesotho, Vietnam

-----

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and
Other Matter (London Convention)

note - abbreviated as Marine Dumping

date opened for signature - 1972

objective - to control pollution of the sea by dumping, and to
encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention

parties - (70) Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Belgium,
Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia,
Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, European Union,
Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jam