heaven, but smote his breast, saying, God, be thou
merciful to me a sinner. 14 I say unto you, This man went down to
his house justified rather than the other: for every one that
exalteth himself shall be humbled: but he that humbleth himself
shall be exalted.

The parable of the Pharisee and the Publican was designed to teach
humility not only in prayer but in every estimate of oneself and in every
approach to God. It further contrasts the religion of form with the
religion of the heart. It shows that the way of penitence is the only path
to pardon and to peace.

It was not addressed to Pharisees, although it is a severe exposure of the
hypocrisy and self-deception of Pharisaism of every kind. Jesus seems
rather to have had in mind some of his own followers; but whatever their
class or profession, Pharisees have their representatives in every age and
land. They are described as "certain who trusted in themselves that they
were righteous, and set all others at nought."

Such, indeed, was the Pharisee here described. He had gone up to the
Temple to pray; he stood in some conspicuous place; he addressed God but
he uttered no true prayer. He began by saying, "I thank thee," but he
really addressed himself. He rejoiced that in comparison with other men he
formed a class by himself. He declared all others to be "extortioners,
unjust, adulterers," and as an example of such sinners he pointed to the
poor publican at whom he was looking instead of looking to God. He boasted
that he had refrained from the sins of other men and also that he had
performed more good deeds than the law required. Moses instituted no
obligatory fast; but the Pharisee fasted twice in the week. Moses exempted
certain things from the tithe; the Pharisee had tithed his entire income.
In other words, he had been better than God required. He had placed God
under obligation to him. How little does such a man understand the real
holiness of God, of the requirements of that law the essence of which is
love!

In striking contrast the publican was standing at a respectful distance
from the supposed saint whose formal piety had impressed his fellow men.
He did not venture even to look toward heaven. He beat upon his breast, as
a sign of mourning, and cried out in anguish, "God, be thou merciful to me
a sinner." The original words seem to imply that he regarded himself as
likewise distinct from all other men. He felt and confessed himself to b