eries,
important printing works, vinegar works and, in the vicinity, nursery
gardens. The state has a large tobacco manufactory in the town. Dijon
has considerable trade in cereals and wool, and is the second market for
the wines of Burgundy.

Under the Romans Dijon (_Divonense castrum_) was a _vicus_ in the
_civitas_ of Langres. In the 2nd century it was the scene of the
martyrdom of St Benignus (Benigne, vulg. Berin, Berain), the apostle of
Burgundy. About 274 the emperor Aurelian surrounded it with ramparts.
Gregory of Tours, in the 6th century, comments on the strength and
pleasant situation of the place, expressing surprise that it does not
rank as a _civitas_. During the middle ages the fortunes of Dijon
followed those of Burgundy, the dukes of which acquired it early in the
11th century. The communal privileges, conferred on the town in 1182 by
Hugh III., duke of Burgundy, were confirmed by Philip Augustus in 1183,
and in the 13th century the dukes took up their residence there. For the
decoration of the palace and other monuments built by them, eminent
artists were gathered from northern France and Flanders, and during this
period the town became one of the great intellectual centres of France.
The union of the duchy with the crown in 1477 deprived Dijon of the
splendour of the ducal court; but to counterbalance this loss it was
made the capital of the province and seat of a _parlement_. Its fidelity
to the monarchy was tested in 1513, when the citizens were besieged by
50,000 Swiss and Germans, and forced to agree to a treaty so
disadvantageous that Louis XII. refused to ratify it. In the wars of
religion Dijon sided with the League, and only opened its gates to Henry
IV. in 1595. The 18th century was a brilliant period for the city; it
became the seat of a bishopric, its streets were improved, its commerce
developed, and an academy of science and letters founded; while its
literary salons were hardly less celebrated than those of Paris. The
neighbourhood was the scene of considerable fighting during the
Franco-German War, which was, however, indirectly of some advantage to
the city owing to the impetus given to its industries by the immigrants
from Alsace.

See H. Chabeuf, _Dijon a travers les ages_ (Dijon, 1897), and _Dijon,
monuments et souvenirs_ (Dijon, 1894).

DIKE, or DYKE (Old Eng. _dic_, a word which appears in various forms in
many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch _dijk_, German _Teich_, Dan